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IGCSE Biology > Topic 1: The Natural And Variety Of Living Organisms > Flashcards

Topic 1: The Natural And Variety Of Living Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 8 Functions of living orgamisms.

A

· Movement
· Reproduction
· Sensitivity
· Control
· Growth
· Respiration
· Excretion
· Nutrition

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2
Q

Movement

A

Can change position

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3
Q

Reproduction

A

can have offspring either sexually or asexually

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4
Q

Sensitivity

A

can detect stimuli, such as light, and then respond to them

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5
Q

Control

A

Can control their internal environment (homeostasis)

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6
Q

Growth

A

Can increase mass

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7
Q

Respiration

A

Can produce energy either aerobically or anaerobically

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8
Q

Excretion

A

Can remove toxic or waste produced by reactions in the body

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9
Q

Nutrition

A

Can absorb nutrients in order to use them for growth and repair

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10
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes are organisms that have a nucleus and organelles that are found within a plasma membrane

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11
Q

Nucleus

A

· Subcellular structure found in plant and animal cells
· Contains the genetic material, which codes for a particular protein
· Enclosed in a nuclear membrane

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

· Subcellular structure found in plant and animal cells
· Liquid substance in which chemical reactions occur
· Contains enzymes (biological catalysts, i.e. proteins that speed up the rate of reaction)
· Organelles are found in it

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13
Q

Cell membrane

A

· Subcellular structure found in plant and animal cells
· contain receptor molecules to identify and selectively control what enters and leaves the cell

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14
Q

Mitochondria

A

· Subcellular structure found in plant and animal cells
· Where aerobic respiration reactions occur, providing energy for the cell

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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

· Subcellular structure found in plant and animal cells
· Where protein synthesis occurs
· Found on a structure called the rough endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

Plants

A

· E.g. cereals (such as maize) or herbaceous legume (such as peas)
· Multicellular organisms
· Cells contain chloroplasts which is the site of photosynthesis: chlorophyll pigments within the chloroplast structure absorb light from the sun
· Cellulose cell walls which provide strength to the cell
· Contain a permanent vacuole, which stores cell sap and improves the cell’s rigidity
· Stores carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

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17
Q

What does a Plant cell contain?

A

· Cell wall
· Cell membrane (inside cell wall)
· Vacuole
· Cytoplasm
· nucleus
· Mitochondria
· Chloroplast

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18
Q

Animals

A

· E.g. mammals (such as humans) and insects (such as flies)
· Multicellular
· Cannot photosynthesise
· Do not have cell walls
· Have nervous systems in order to coordinate movement
· Store carbohydrates as glycogen

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19
Q

What does a animal cell contain?

A

· Cell membrane
· Mitochondria
· Cytoplasm
· Nucleus

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20
Q

Fungi

A

· Body is usually organised into a mycelium of thread-like structures called hyphae which have many nuclei but some are single-celled
· E.g. mucor has typical hyphal structure, yeast is single-celled
· Cell walls are made of chitin
· Feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes which break it down into smaller pieces, which can then be absorbed (saprotrophic nutrition)
· May store carbohydrates as glycogen

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21
Q

Protoctists

A

· Single-celled organisms
· Some have features like animals cells, such as Amoeba, that live in pnd water
· Others are more like plants and have chloroplasts, such as Chlorella

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22
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

23
Q

Bacteria

A

· E.g. lactobacillus bulgaris (rod-shaped bacterium used to make yoghurt), pneumococcus (spherical bacterium that causes pneumonia)
· Single-celled and very small
· Have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids
· Lack a nucleus but have circular chromosomes of DNA
· Some can carry out photosynthesis but they mainly eat off of other organisms, either dead or alive

24
Q

Pathogens

A

Pathogens are disease-causing organisms and can be fungi, bacteria, protoctists or viruses

25
Q

Viruses in Pathogens

A

· E.g. tobacco mosaic virus which prevents chloroplast formation, influenza virus, HIV virus leading to AIDS
· Viruses are smll particles (much smaller than bacteria) - not living organisms
· Parasitic
· can only reproduce within living cells
· can infect every typle of living organisms
· hijacks the cell mechanisms to create millions of copies of itself and then spreads within the host by cell bursting
· They come in a wide variety of shapes and sizes
· Do not have a cellular structure but have one type of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) and a protein coat

26
Q

Bacteria in pathogens

A

· E.g. Salmonella (food poisoning)
· Can reproduce many times through binary fission
· Produce toxins that can damage cells

27
Q

Protists in pathogens

A

· E.g. malaria
· Parasitic - use animals as their hosts to live in

28
Q

Fungi in pathogens

A

· E.g. athlete’s foot
· Produce spored that can spread in the wind or between people
· Can treat wth fungicides

29
Q

Amoeba

A

Protoctists that live in pond water and resemble animal cells

30
Q

Cell

A

The basic building block of all living organisms

31
Q

Cell membrane

A

A partially permeable barrier that surrounds the cell

32
Q

Cell wall

A

An outer, structural layer that surrounds some cells. In plant cells, it is made of cellulose. In fungi, it is made of chitin

33
Q

Chlorella

A

A protoctist that has features similar to plant cells e.g. chloroplasts

34
Q

Chloroplast

A

An organelle which is the site of photosynthesis

35
Q

DNA

A

A double-stranded polymer wound to form a bouble helix. It carries the genetic code

36
Q

Eukarotic cell

A

A type of cell found in plants and animals that contains a nucleus

37
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A

An infectious virus that weakens the immune system and can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeiciency syndrome)

38
Q

Hyphae

A

Long filaments of a fungus that contain many nuclei

39
Q

Influenza virus

A

An infiction virus that causes influenza (the flu)

40
Q

Lactobacillus bulgaricus

A

A rod-shaped species of bacterium used to produce yoghurt from milk

41
Q

Mucor

A

A multicellular fungus that has a hyphal structure

42
Q

Mycelium

A

A collection of thread-like hyphae in a fungus

43
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease

44
Q

Photosynthesis

A

An endothermic reaction in which energy is transferred from the environment to the chloroplasts by light

45
Q

Plasmids

A

Loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells

46
Q

Plasmodium

A

Pathogenic protoctists that cause malaria

47
Q

Pneumococcus

A

A spherical, pathogenic bacterium that causes pneumonia

48
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

A type of cell found in bacteria that does not cntain a nucleus

49
Q

Protoctists

A

Microscopic single-celled organisms

50
Q

Saprotrophic nutrition

A

The mode of extracellular nutrition in which digestive enzymes are secreted onto the food outside the cell and the products of digestion are absorbed

51
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

A

A widespread plant pathogen affecting many species of plants which produces a mosaic pattern in the leaves. It infects chloroplasts and limits plant growth

52
Q

Virus

A

A non-living organism that can only reprodce inside host cells. Viruses have no cells, but possess a protein coat containing nucleic acids(DNA or RNA)

53
Q

Yeast

A

A single-celled fungus

IGCSE Biology (5 decks)

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