TOPIC 1: WHAT'S IN A BODY

Question 1

List the (11) major body systems:

Answer 1

1. Digestive system
2. Muscular system
3. Integumentary system
4. Lymphatic system
   5.Nervous system
5. Skeletal system
6. Male reproductive system
7. Female reproductive system
8. Respiratory system
9. Urinary system
10. Circulatory system

Question 2

Key function of the digestive
system:

Answer 2

Converts food into the simplest forms e.g. glucose, amino acids (protein) and fatty acids

Question 3

Key function of the muscular system:

Answer 3

Allows movement

Question 4

Key function of the integumentary system:

Answer 4

Acts as a physical barrier, protecting body from bacteria, infection, injury and sunlight

Question 5

Key function of the lymphatic system:

Answer 5

Maintains body fluid levels and defends the body against infections

Question 6

Key function of the nervous system:

Answer 6

Assists with communication throughout the body using both electrical and chemical means to send and receive messages

Question 7

Key function of the skeletal system:

Answer 7

Bodies support structure, shape, movement, blood cells

Question 8

Key function of the male reproductive system:

Answer 8

Produce, maintain and transport sperm cells and semen

Question 9

Key function of the female reproductive system:

Answer 9

Creates hormones and is responsible for fertility, menstruation and sexual activity

Question 10

Key function of the respiratory system

Answer 10

Takes up oxygen from the air we breathe and expels the unwanted carbon dioxide

Question 11

Key function of the urinary system:

Answer 11

Filters your blood removing waste (urine) and excess water

Question 12

Key function of the circulatory system:

Answer 12

Provides oxygen, nutrients and hormones to muscles, tissues and organs throughout the body, removes waste through blood

Question 13

Identify the main (6) elements used within the body:

Answer 13

1. Oxygen
2. Carbon
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen
5. Calcium
6. Phosphorus

Question 14

Explain what determines how molecules interact:

Answer 14

• Electrical charge
• Atomic stability
• Physical shape and size
• Hydrophobicity
• Hydrophilicity
• Polarity

Question 15

Describe the differences between ionic and covalent bonds:

Answer 15

Ionic bond = A chemical link between two atoms caused by oppositely charged ions in an ionic compound, high polarity

Covalent bond = A chemical link between two atoms or ions where the electron pairs are shared between them, low polarity

Question 16

Define the term molecular weight:

Answer 16

The sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in a molecule

Allows us to know how many molecules of a substance are present in the measured amount

Question 17

Define the term ion:

Answer 17

An atom or group that carries a positive or negative electric charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons

Question 18

Define the term cation:

Answer 18

An ion with positive charge, having more protons than electrons

Question 19

Define the term anion:

Answer 19

Anions are ions that are negatively charged, more electrons than protons

Question 20

Define the term electrolyte:

Answer 20

Soluble inorganic molecules whose ions will conduct an electrical current in solution

Question 21

Define the term pH:

Answer 21

A measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution

Normal pH of blood = 7.35 - 7.45

Below 7.35 = acidic (acidosis)

Above 7.45 = alkaline (alkalosis)

Question 22

Define the term acid:

Answer 22

A substance that forms hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water

Question 23

Define the term alkali/base:

Answer 23

A substance that forms hydroxide ions OH- when dissolved in wate

Question 24

Outline the different types of units for measuring concentration:

Answer 24

Molarity = (mol/L)

Question 25

Explain how molar concentration is calculated:

Answer 25

Molar concentration = moles divided by L of water (mol/L)

Question 26

Explain the role of buffers in regulation of pH of body fluids and tissues:

Answer 26

A buffer is a chemical system that prevents a radical change in fluid pH by dampening the change in hydrogen ion concentrations in the case of excess acid or bas

Question 27

Describe the basic chemical nature/structure of sugars:

Question 28

Describe the basic chemical nature/structure of carbohydrates:

Question 29

Describe the basic chemical nature/structure of proteins:

Question 30

Describe the basic chemical nature/structure of amino acids:

Question 31

Describe the basic chemical nature/structure of lipids/fats:

Question 32

Describe the basic chemical nature/structure of nucleic acids:

Question 33

Describe the basic chemical nature/structure of nucleotides:

Question 34

Explain the concepts of hydrophobicity, how they apply to different molecules and what this means for body function:

Question 35

Explain the concepts of hydrophilicity, how they apply to different molecules and what this means for body function:

Question 36

List the important roles that sugars play in the human body:

Question 37

List the important roles that proteins play in the human body:

Answer 37

Supplies the essential amino acids needed for the growth and maintenance of cells and tissues

Question 38

List the important roles that lipids play in the human body:

Answer 38

Chemical messengers, storage and provision of energy

Question 39

List the important roles that nucleotides play in the human body:

Answer 39

Nucleotide = building block of nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) Energy carriers and intracellular signalling molecules

Question 40

List the important roles that enzymes play in the human body:

Answer 40

- Respiration - Digesting food - Muscle and nerve function

Question 41

Describe the role of enzymes in the body:

Answer 41

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions within the body are almost always a protein. They are essential for respiration, digesting food, muscle and nerve function.

Question 42

Apply your knowledge of chemistry, molecular interactions and macromolecules to health care scenarios: