Topic 10: Reproduction

Question 1

E production

Answer 1

growth and reproduction

Question 2

What is the ultimate goal of managing an energy budget?

Answer 2

to have energy remaining for reproduction

Question 3

Life History Theory

Answer 3

every species has a pattern of growth, development, reproduction, and death shaped by natural selection
- success in the past helps shape life history traits

Question 4

Environment affects LH traits by influencing energy budgets through:

Answer 4

amount of light
food sources
shelter
wind
precipitation

Question 5

Maximizing reproductive success involves __________ due to _________

Answer 5

tradeoffs; fixed energy budgets & selective pressures

Question 6

Fitness vs. number of seeds

Answer 6

increasing slope

Question 7

Fitness vs. seed size

Answer 7

increasing slope

Question 8

number of seeds vs. seed size

Answer 8

decreasing slope

Question 9

2 types of growth:

Answer 9

determinate & indeterminate

Question 10

Indeterminate growth:

Answer 10

growth continues through lifespan (ectotherms)

Question 11

Determinate growth:

Answer 11

growth ceases when ‘adult’ state is reached (endotherms)

Question 12

Reproduction (2 types)

Answer 12

asexual and sexual

Question 13

Asexual reprodution produces:

Answer 13

clones
- prokaryotes replicate genome and divide by binary fission
- eukaryotes replicate genome and divide by mitosis

Question 14

Sexual reproduction produces

Answer 14

recombinants
- genomes are halved into gametes and combined with other gametes
(only eukaryotes)

Question 15

Life History Traits (7)

Answer 15

growth rate
parental care
fecundity
size/age @ sexual maturity
mortality rate
frequency of reproduction (parity)
size & survivorship of offspring

Question 16

Passive care

Answer 16

pre birth energy investment (seed development, gestation, etc.)

Question 17

Active care

Answer 17

post birth energy investment (raising, dispersing seeds, etc.)

Question 18

Tradeoff: Growth rate & reproduction

Answer 18

decreasing slope

Question 19

Tradeoff: Fecundity & survivorship of parent

Answer 19

decreasing slope

• both low = extinct
• both high = not enough energy for both

Question 20

Tradeoff: Reproduction & Survival of Parent

Answer 20

reproducing at too young or high age = high mortality rate bc it is costly for young and old

• mortality rate would increase as reproduction increases

Question 21

Tradeoff: ______ mortality rate would favour early age of maturity

Answer 21

high

Question 22

Semelparity

Answer 22

can reproduce only once

Question 23

Iteroparity

Answer 23

can breed/reproduce multiple times in its lifetime

Question 24

Fecundity

Answer 24

ability to make many offspring

Question 25

Fecundity _______ as body size increases (when is this an advantage?)

Answer 25

increases - advantage of delaying sexual maturity until larger size of parent

Question 26

Tradeoff: Mating vs. Lifespan

Answer 26

decreasing slope, as mating increases rate of mortality

Question 27

more predation = _______ population size @ reproduction

Answer 27

less

Question 28

Age structure pyramids

Answer 28

zero, negative, rapid growth

Question 29

r-selected

Answer 29

- small size - early sexual maturity - high fecundity - low parental investment - low juvenile survivorship - short lifespan - semelparous

Question 30

K-selected

Answer 30

- large size - late sexual maturity - low fecundity but can reproduce many times - high parental investment - high juvenile survivorship - long lifespan - iteroparous

Question 31

as mammal size increases, ______ energy is involved

Answer 31

more

Question 32

What do life history traits allow us to do?

Answer 32

- to determine if r- or k- selected - to predict how a population will change - useful in manipulating crops & lifestock, to control pests/weeds, and for conservation efforts

Question 33

When R0 > 1...

Answer 33

population is increasing

Question 34

When R0 < 1...

Answer 34

population is decreasing

Question 35

When R0 = 1

Answer 35

population is the same

Question 36

sx =

Answer 36

survival rate

Question 37

lx =

Answer 37

survivorship (fraction of original cohort still alive)

Question 38

mx =

Answer 38

fecundity

Question 39

nx =

Answer 39

number of organisms in cohort

Question 40

x =

Answer 40

usually time/age

Question 41

Survivorship curves: type 1

Answer 41

upside down L curve - exponential decrease - low mortality rate - large animals - high parental care - high juvenile survivorship - k-selected

Question 42

Survivorship curves: type 2

Answer 42

- constant mortality rate - decreasing slope - mix of r & k selected

Question 43

Survivorship curves: type 3

Answer 43

- L shaped curve - exponential decrease - high mortality rate - small animals - low parental care - low juvenile survivorship (mortality decreases with A) - r-selected

Question 44

How to detect constant mortality rate (type 2)? What would it look like on a regular survival vs. age graph?

Answer 44

- on a linear scale, it looks like type 3 graph ( L shaped curve) - on log transformed scale, it looks normal (linear decrease)