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Anatomy Midterm 2 (20%) NOV 14 (6 - 7 pm) > Topic 10 Skeletal System > Flashcards

Topic 10 Skeletal System Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

describe the human body in anatomical position

A

feet, face, palms forward

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2
Q

list the Directional terms (refer to other flashcard set that defines the terms)

A

anterior vs. posterior
proximal vs. distal
contralateral vs ipsilateral
medial vs lateral (intermediate)
superficial vs. deep
superior vs. inferior

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3
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the skeleton

A

Axial and appendicular

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4
Q

What bones are in the axial skeleton

A

skull
hyoid bone
vertebral column
thoracic cage
sternum + ribs

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5
Q

What are the bones in the appendicular skeleton

A

limbs and bones that attach them to the axial skeleton (girdles)
- pectoral, pelvic, upperlimb and lowerlimb (thigh, leg and foot)

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6
Q

How many bones are in the axial and appendicular skeleton

A
  1. axial: 80 bones
    - focus on skull, hyoid bone, vetebral column and thoracic cage
  2. Appendicular: 126 bones
    - focus on 4 girdles, pectoral, pelvic, upperlimb (arm, forearme and hand) and lower limb (thigh, leg, foot)**
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7
Q

What are Girdles

A

Girdles involve limbs and bones and they attach them to the axial skeletal
there are 4 girdles (pectoral, pelvic upperlimb, lowerlimb) in the appendicular skeleton

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8
Q

What does the upperlimb of the appendicular skeleton contain?

A

arm, forearm and hand

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9
Q

What does the lower limb of the appendicular skeleton contain?

A

thigh, leg and foot

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10
Q

What are the connections between bones

A

articulations (joints)

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11
Q

What are articulations

A

Articulations are joints which are connections between bones

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12
Q

List the bone groupings of the skull

A

Cranium
Facial bones
Auditory ossicles

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13
Q

What are cranium bones?

A

they contribute to the formation of the brain case and have at least one surface that contacts the cranial cavity and faces the brain

they are a part of the skull

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14
Q

List the cranium bones, including which are paired and which are unpaired

A

frontal 1
parietal 2
temporal 2
sphenoid 2
ethmoid (forms superior and middle nasal conchae) 2
occipital 1

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15
Q

What is the Sphenoid bone? and what is its location regarding other bone structures

A

articulates with all other cranial bones, holding them together

anterior to the temporal and occipital bones

posterior to the maxilae, zygomatic, palatine and ethmoid bones

inferior to frontal and parietal bones

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16
Q

What does the ethmoid bone form and where does it form?

A

it forms the superior and middle nasal conchae

Anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to nasal bones

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17
Q

List the facial bones bones, including which are paired and which are unpaired

A

Nasal 2
Maxillae 2
zygomatic 2
Lacrimal 2
Palatine (2 palatine and 2 maxillae = hard plate of our mouths) 2
inferior nasal conchae 2
vomer 1
mandible 1

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18
Q

What makes the hard plate of our mouths?

A

2 palatine and 2 maxillae forms the hard plate of our mouths

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19
Q

list the auditory ossicles

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

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20
Q

Describe the location and function of the hyoid bone

A

The location of the hyoid bone attaches muscles of the tongue and neck which assists in swallowing

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21
Q

What does the hyoid bone not have

A

No articulations (joints/connections to other bones)

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22
Q

List the regions of the vertebral column

A

5 regions: (7) cervical, (12) thoracic, (5) lumbar, (1) sacrum, (1) coccyx = 26 vertebrae

Analogy:
Breakfast = 7 cervical,
Lunch = 12 thoracic,
Dinner = 5 lumbar,
1 post-snack time = 1 sacrum
1 midnight snack = 1 coccyx

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23
Q

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column

A

26 vertebrae

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24
Q

Describe a typical vertebra, including foramina and articular process and facets

A

A typical vertebral structure
- Body has a thick anterior portion

contains:
1 spinous process - median posterior projection
2 transverse processes - lateral bony projections for muscle attachment

2 laminae - connect by 2 proccesses
2 pedicles - connect body to transverse process

vertebral foramen - opening for spinal cord

Superior and inferior articular processes (with facets = articular surfaces)
- articulate with vertebrae above and below

intervertebral foramina - exit for spinal nerves

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25
spinous process
A part of the vertebral structure 1 median posterior projection
26
Transverse process
a part of the vertebral structure 2 Lateral bony projections for muscle attachment
27
Laminae
a part of the vertebral structure 2 connect the two processes
28
Pedicles
a part of the vertebral structure 2 Connect body to the transverse process
29
invertebral foramina
a part of the vertebral structure opening for spinal cord
30
Superior and inferiors articulation processes
a part of the vertebral structure With facets = articular surfaces Articulate with vertebrae above and below
31
Invertebral foramina
a part of the vertebral structure exit for spinal nerves
32
How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column
26 vertebrae
33
Explain the characteristics that allow you to differentiate between cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Cervical: all have transverse foramina, C1 no body no spinous process and C2 has a dens (odontoid process) - bean shape body Thoracic: All articulate with ribs via. costal facets (articulation occurs) - heart shape body Lumbar: support body weight, all large bodies and rectangular spinous processes
34
How do you know if they are cervical vertebrae
all have transverse foramina if atypical: C1 (atlas) has no body or spinous process C2 (axis) has dens odontoid process
35
Describe the features of the atlas and axis vertebrae
Cervical (C1-C7) C1, C2 = atypical C3-C7 = typical C1 - atlas - no boyd, no spinous process - articulates with occipital condyles of skull (allows nodding "yes" motion) C2 = axis - dens (odontoid process) - pivote joint around which atlas swivels (allows "no motion") C1-C7: ALL have transverse foramina
36
Features of atlas vertebrae What nodding motion does this produce
C1 = Atlas - No body, no spinous process - articulates with occipital condyles of skull = allow nodding yes motion
37
Features of axis vertebrae What nodding motion does this produce
C2 = axis - dens = odontoid process - pivot joint around which atlas swivels - allows shaking ("no") motion
38
Describe the saccrum and coccyx vertebrae
sacrum has 5 fused vertebrae Articuluates with ilium (appendiuclar skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebra L5 Coccyx has 2-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4 - tailbone
39
Describe the saccrum
5 fused vertebrae articulates with ilum (appendicular skeleton) and 5th lumbar vertebrae
40
Describe the coccyx
3-5 fused vertebrae, usually 4 tailbone
41
describe the normal curvature of the vertebral column
a) Cervical and lumbar - curved anteriorly and concave posteriorly b) Thoracic and sacral - curved concave anteriorly = convex posteriorly
42
describe the abnormal curvature of the vertebral column
Scoliosis, Kyphosis and lordosis Scoliosis: Spinal column curves laterally Kyphosis: exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback) Lordosis: exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback)
43
Scoliosis
Spinal column curves laterally an abnormal curvature
44
Kyphosis
exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback) an abnormal curvature
45
Lordosis
exaggerated lumbar curve (swayback) an abnormal curvature
46
List the parts of the thoracic cage
Sternum and ribs
47
Sternum
Breast bone thats a part of the thoracic cage 3 parts 1) manubrium of sternum (superior) 2) body of sternum (middle) 3) xiphoid process of sternum (inferior)
48
How many pairs of ribs are there
thre are 12 pairs of ribs (artiuclate posteriorly with T1-T12) 7 pairs = true ribs attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyalline cartiladge) 5 pairs = false ribs Attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10) - or not at all = floating ribs (11,12 - embedded in muscle)
49
true ribs
7 pairs attach directly to sternum via costal cartilage (hyalline cartiladge)
50
false ribs
5 pairs Attach indirectly to sternum via costal cartilage (8-10) - or not at all = floating ribs (11,12 - embedded in muscle)
51
Define the Pectoral girdle (upper limb girdle)
The upper limb girdle is the pectoral girdle contains the clavicle and the scalpula a) clavicle: articulates with the sternum (at themanubrium) and scalpula (at the acromion process) b) scalpula - Has a spine on posterior (back) - acromion process of the scalpula articulates with the clavicle (acromial end) - Connects the axial and appendicular skeletons
52
Define the Pelvic girdle (lower limb girdle)
Composed of 2 os coxae (hip bones) each with 3 bones 3 bones: ilium, ischium and pubis
53
ilium
articulates with sacrum
54
ischium
most inferior part is the ischial tuberosity
55
pubis
left and right joined by the pubic symphysis
56
joints of pelvic girdle
Pubic symphysis, Sacroiliac and Acetabulum pubic symphysis - joining the pubic bones Sacroiliac - sacrum and ilium Acetabulum - articulates with head of femur - all 3 bones of oscoxa join here
57
Where do all 3 bones of os oscoxa join?
at the joint of the pelvic girdle, acetabulum
58
pubic symphysis
Joints of pelvic bone joining the pubic bones
59
Sacroiliac
Joints of pelvic bone sacrum and ilium
60
Acetabulum
Joints of pelvic bone - articulates with head of femur - all 3 bones of oscoxa join here
61
What are the Upper limb bones
In anatomical position Humerus Radius (lateral) - thumb side and ulna (medial) Carpals Metacarpals (palm) Phalanges (14) - digits (fingers)
62
What is the humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metal parpals and phalanges a part of?
represents the upper limb girdles
63
What are the lower limb bones?
in anatomical position Femur patella (knee cap) - not a long bone tibia (medial)/ fibia (latera) tarsals (7) - not a long bone - talus - articulates with the tibia - calcaneus - heel bones Metarsals (5) - sole Phalanges (14) - digits (toes) ALL are long bones except patella and tarsals
64
Femur, patella, tibia, fibia and tarsals represents
represents the lower limb girdles
65
describe the articulations of the clavicle
The clavicle articulates with sternum and scalpula - has an acormial and a sternal end 1) The acromial end articulates with the scalpula 2) The sternal end artiuclates with the manubrium of the sternum The scapula therefore, connects the axial and appendicular skeletons
66
Describe the features of the scalpula and its articulations
The scalpula has a spine - posterior acromion process - articulates with clavicle - acromial end of clavicle glenoid fossa/cavity - articulates with head of humerus coracoid process - attaches muscles for arm and chest
67
Describe the bone of the os coxa and their articulations
there are 3 bones of os coxae (hip bones) has 3 bones 1) ilium - articulates with sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) 2) ischium (most inferior part = the ischial tuberosity) 3) pubis left and right joined by pubic symphysis Joints of the os coxa 4) pubic symphysis (joins the pelvic bones) 5) sacroiliac - sacrum and ilium 6) acetabulum (articulated with head of femur) - all 3 bones of os coxa join here
68
Describe the bones of the upper and lower limb in the anatomical position (number of bones, which is lateral and medial as appropriate)
Upper limb 1) Humerus 2) radius (latera - thumbl) / ulna (medial) 3) carpals (8) = wrist 4) metacarpals (5) = palm 5) phalanges (14) = digits (fingers) Lower limb 1) femur 2) patella (knee cap) 3) tibia (medial) fibula (lateral) 4) tarsals (7) - contains the talus (articulates with tibia) - calcaneus (heel bone) 5) metatarsals (5) = sole 6) phalanges (14) = digits (toes) ALL are long bones except carpals, patella and tarsals
69
Describe the components of a long bone
**1) Diaphysis **- shaft (body) **2) epiphyses** - proximal and distal extremities **3) epiphyseal plate** - hyaline cartilage - used for bone growth (length) **4) Epiphyseal line ** - replaces palt with bone when growth completed - plate/line - where diaphysis and epiphyses meet **5) medullary cavity** (red marrow in child, yellow marrow in adult) **6) Periosteum ** - external surface which contains 2 layers of CT - 1) outer = dense irregular, which is the attach for tendon/muscle/ligament - 2) inner =mainly osteoblasts and osteclasts - allows bone to grow in diameter **7) endosteum ** - lines medullary cavity and canals (constains osetoblasts and osteoclasts) Articular cartiladge - hyaline (only at articulation points) - prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)
70
What is Diaphysis?
a component of long bone It is the shaft and body of a long bone
71
What is epiphyses, epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line?
Epiphyses is the proximal and distal extremities Epiphyseal plate contains hyaline cartilage used for bone growth (length) Epiphyseal line replaces plate with bone when the growth is compelted - plate/line - where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
72
What is the medullary cavity?
a component of long bone contains bone marrow red marrow - child yellow marrow - adult
73
What is the periosteum?
a component of long bone Has an external surface 2 layers of connective tissue 1) outer = dense irregular (attachment for tendon/muscle/ligament 2) inner = mainly osteoblasts and osteroclasts - allows bone to grow in diameter
74
What is the endosteum?
Component of long bone Lines medullary cavity and canals (contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts
75
What is articular cartilage?
component of long bone - hyaline (only at articulation points) - prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)
76
List the cells of bone tissue
Cells are osteoblasts (build), osteocytes (mature), and osteoclasts (breakdown - specialized)
77
Describe the components of bone matrix
Recall a matrix of CT contains a ground substance and fibres Ground substance: hydroxyapatite - insoluble CA^++ phosphate salts (strength) Fibres: collagen (flexibility) Water
78
Identify the microscopic structures of compact and spongy bone
Compact bone - covers external surface of all bones and the compact bone contains osteons (composed of lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, central osteonic canal, and perforating interosteonic canals Spongey bone contains no osteons, have trabeculae (made of irregularly arranged lamellae) and the canaliculi connect osteocytes in the lacunae found in: - flat and irregular bones (e.g skulls, ribs, vertberae, long bones) - epiphyses and lineing medullary cavity - spaces contain bone marrow (red marrow produces blood cells)
79
What is the compact bone composed of?
osteons
80
What do osteons contain?
Osteons make up the compact bone Osteons contain: lamallae, lacunae, canaliculi, central osteonic canal and perforating interosteonic canals
81
Lamellae
bone matrix arranged in cocentric circles
82
lacunae
with osteocytes space within matrix where osteocytes live between lamellae
83
canaliculi
small channels that connect osteocytes with blood supply and to other osteocytes
84
central osteonic canal
Contains blood vessels and nerves it is lined with endosteum
85
perforating interosteonic canals
contains blood vessels and nerves it is lined with endosteum
86
where is spongey bone found in?
flat and irregular bones and long bones (epiphyses and the lining medullary cavity)
87
Identify the microscopic structures of hyaline cartilage
strucutre contains (cell type) chondrocytes in the lacunae Matrix: shiny ground substance = chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid Fibres = collagen Water
88
Classify articulations and joints by their structure
Articulations is the point of contact between 2 or more bones Structural is the first class (functional is the second) Structural classification is based on prescence of absence of joint cavity and type of connecting tissue 3 types of structural joints 1) fibrous 2) Cartilaginous 3) Synovial joints
89
Fibrous structural joint
A type of structural joint - has no joint cavity - fibrous CT connects bones - e.g sutures in skull (fontanels in newborn)
90
Cartilaginous structural joint
no joint cavity cartilage attaches bones e.g pubic symphysis, costal ridges of ribs
91
Describe the structure of synovial joints
articular cartilage joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) articular joint/capsule - outer layer = fibrous capsule - attaches to periosteum - may have ligaments within (capsule - inner layer - synovial membrane
92
Classify synovial joints by the shape of the articulating bones
Plane/gliding Hinge pivot ball and socket
93
Plane/gliding
a type of synovial joint, grouped according to shape of articulating bones - flat surfaces - e.g sacroiliac
94
Hinge
a type of synovial joint, grouped according to shape of articulating bones * concave/convex surfaces * e.g elbow, knee
95
Pivot
a type of synovial joint, grouped according to shape of articulating bones - projections in a ring - e.g dens (on axis in atlas)
96
Ball and socket
a type of synovial joint, grouped according to shape of articulating bones * great freedom of movement * e.g 1) humerus in glenoid fossa * 2.g 2) femur in acetabulum (hip)
97
Classify joints by their degree of movement
Synarthrotic Ampiarthrotic Diarthrotic
98
Synarthrotic
a type of functional joint (based on degree of movement) immovable e.g skull sutures
99
Ampiarthrotic
A type of functional joint (based on degree of movement) slightly moveable e.g pubic symphysis
100
Diarthrotic
A type of functional joint (based on degree of mvoement) freely moveable synovial joints (not all synovial joints can move a lot) e.g hip, shoulder

Anatomy Midterm 2 (20%) NOV 14 (6 - 7 pm) (7 decks)

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