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Chemistry Paper 2 > Topic 10 Using Resources > Flashcards

Topic 10 Using Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What does potable mean?

A

Safe to drink (contains dissolved substances)

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2
Q

What does pure water mean?

A

Only contains H2O molecules

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3
Q

What do the methods used to produce potable water depend on?

A

Available supplies of water and local conditions

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4
Q

What is fresh water?

A

Doesn’t have much dissolved in it

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5
Q

In the uk what provides fresh water and where does it collect?

A

Rain, surface water (lakes/rivers) or ground water (rocks that trap water underground)

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6
Q

What are the 2 stages for producing potable water in the uk?

A

1) Filtration- wire mesh screens out large twigs, gravel and sand beds filter out any other solids
2) sterilisation- kill any harmful bacteria/microbes

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7
Q

What are 3 sterilising agents used for potable water?

A

Chlorine
Ozone
Ultraviolet light

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8
Q

How is potable water produced if supplies of fresh water are limited?

A

Desalination of salty/sea water

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9
Q

What are 2 methods of desalinisation?

A

Distillation
Processes that use membranes such as reverse osmosis

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10
Q

Why are both distillation and reverse osmosis not practical for producing large quantities of fresh water?

A

Require large amounts of energy- very expensive

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11
Q

How is potable water produced by reverse osmosis?

A

Salty water passed through membrane, only allows water molecules pass through, ions/larger molecules trapped so separated from water

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12
Q

What does sewage and agricultural waste water require before being put back into fresh water sources?

A

Removal of organic matter and harmful microbes

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13
Q

Why does industrial waste water have to undergo additional stages of treatment before it is safe to release it into the environment?

A

Can contain harmful chemicals as well as organic matter

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14
Q

What are the 4 stages of sewage treatment?

A

Screening and grit removal
Sedimentation, produce sewage sludge and effluent
Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge
Aerobic biological treatment of effluent

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15
Q

What is the first stage of sewage treatment?

A

Screening, removal of large bits of material (grit, twigs)

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16
Q

What is the second stage of sewage treatment?

A

Stand in settlement tank and undergoes sedimentation, heavier suspended solids sink to bottom and produce sludge, lighter effluent floats on top

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17
Q

What is the third stage of sewage treatment?

A

Sludge broken down by bacteria by anaerobic digestion, releases methane gas

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

What is the fourth stage of sewage treatment?

A

Effluent treated, air pumped through water to encourage aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter

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20
Q

What 2 things can the broken down sludge from sewage be used for?

A

Methane gas - energy source
Digested waste- fertiliser

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21
Q

What are 3 additional stages of treatment for waste water containing toxic substances?

A

Add chemicals
UV radiation
Using membranes

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22
Q

What is an advantage and disadvantage of sewage treatment?

A

More processes than treating fresh water
Less energy than desalination of salt water

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23
Q

What are Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs) used to assess?

A

Environmental impact at every stage of products life

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24
Q

What are the 4 stages of Life Cycle Assessments (LCAs)?

A

1) Extracting and processing raw materials
2) manufacturing and packaging
3) useful life
4) disposal/end of useful life
Transport + distribution at each stage

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25
Why is **producing an LCA not a purely objective process**?
**Effects of some pollutants hard to give numerical value** but require **value judgements**
26
What are **selective LCAs**?
Only show **some impacts of product on environment**
27
How can **selective LCAs be misused**?
Written to **deliberately support claims of company** for **positive advertising**
28
What are **NPK fertilisers**?
**Formulations**, contain **salts of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P)** and **potassium (K)**
29
What are **ceramics**?
**Non metal solids** with **high melting points, not made from carbon based compounds**
30
How are **clay ceramics (pottery/bricks) made**?
**Shaping wet clay, heating in furnace to harden**
31
What are **2 examples of ceramics**?
Clay Glass
32
What is the **most common type of glass made**?
**Soda-lime glass**
33
How is **soda lime glass made**?
**Heating mixture** of **limestone, sand and sodium carbonate** (soda) until **melts, cools**
34
What is **borosilicate glass (2 things)**?
**Made from sand and boron trioxide** **Higher melting point** than **soda lime glass**
35
What **2 things** do the **properties of polymers depend on**?
**Monomers** made from and **conditions** under made from
36
How is **low density (LD) poly(ethene) made (3 things)**?
From **ethene, moderate temp, high pressure**
37
What is a **property** and **use of low density (LD) poly(ethene)**?
**Flexible, bags and bottles**
38
How is **high density (HD) poly(ethene) made (4 things)**?
From **ethene, lower temp and pressure, catalyst**
39
What is a **property** and **use of high density (HD) poly(ethene)**?
**More rigid, water tanks and drainpipes**
40
Which **type of polymer melts when it’s heated**?
**Thermosoftening polymers**
41
Which **type of polymer doesn’t melt when it’s heated**?
**Thermosetting polymers**
42
**Describe** the **structure** of **thermosoftening polymers**
Contain **individual polymer chains intertwined together** with **weak forces between chains**
43
Why are **thermosetting polymers strong, hard and rigid**?
Contain **monomers** that form **cross links between polymer chains, hold chains together** in solid structure
44
What are **composites made from**?
**Two materials, fibres/fragments** of material (**reinforcement)** surrounded by **matrix** acting as **binder**
45
What are **4 examples of composites**?
**Wood** **Concrete** **Fibreglass** **Carbon fibre**
46
What are **3 properties of ceramics**?
**Insulators** of heat + electricity **Brittle** **Stiff**
47
What are **3 properties of polymers**?
**insulators** of heat and electricity **Flexible** **Easily moulded**
48
What are **steels alloys of**?
**Iron and carbon (and other metals)**
49
What is a **property** and **use of low carbon steel**?
**Easily shaped** **Car bodies**
50
What are **2 properties** and a **use of high carbon steel**?
**Strong but brittle** **Bridges**
51
What **2 other metals** do **stainless steels contain**?
**Chromium and nickel**
52
What are **2 properties** and a **use of stainless steel**?
**Hard and corrosion resistant** **Cutlery**
53
What is **bronze an alloy of**?
**Copper + tin**
54
What is **brass an alloy of**?
**Copper + zinc**
55
What are **2 uses of brass**?
**Water taps and door fittings**
56
What is a **property of aluminium alloys** which make them **useful in aircraft manufacture**?
**Low density**
57
What are **3 metals** used to **harden gold**?
**Silver** **Zinc** **Copper**
58
What are **2 ways of extracting copper** from **low grade ores**?
**Biobleaching** **Phytomining**
59
How can **phytomining** be used to **produce copper**?
**Plants grown in soil containing copper, builds up on leaves, harvested, dried**, then **burnt** to produce **ash** containing **copper compounds**
60
How can **biobleaching** be used to **extract copper**?
**Bacteria convert copper compounds** in **ore** into **soluble copper compounds**, produce **leachate containing copper ions**
61
What is **corrosion**?
**Destruction of materials** by **chemical reactions** with **substances in environment**
62
What **2 substances** does **iron** need to be in **contact with** in order to **rust**?
**Oxygen and water**
63
Why does **all the iron in an object eventually corrode away**?
**Rust is soft and crumbly** so **flakes off** to **leave more iron to rust again**
64
Why is **aluminium not completely destroyed by corrosion**?
**Forms protective layer of aluminium oxide** that **stops any further reaction**
65
What are **3 coatings** that can be used as a **barrier to prevent corrosion**?
**Painting/coating with plastic** **Electroplating** **Oiling/greasing**
66
What is **sacrificial protection**?
Place **more reactive metal (zinc or magnesium)** with **iron, water and oxygen react with sacrificial metal** instead
67
What is an **example of sacrificial protection**?
**Zinc** used to **galvanise iron**, if **zinc scratched** works as **sacrificial metal**
68
How can **glass be reused**?
**Glass bottles crushed and melted** to **produce different products**
69
How can **metals be recycled**?
**Melting and recasting into shape of new product**
70
What does the **amount of separation required** for **recycling metals depend on**?
**Material and properties required of final product**
71
What is an **example of recycling metal**?
**Scrap steel added to iron** from **blast furnace, reduce iron** that needs **extraction from iron core**
72
What is the **Haber process used to manufacture**?
**Ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen**
73
What is the **source for nitrogen used in the Haber process**?
**Easily obtained from air**
74
What is the **hydrogen used in the Haber process obtained from**?
**Reacting methane with steam** to **form hydrogen and carbon dioxide**
75
What are the **gases passed over in the Haber process**?
**Iron catalyst**
76
What **temperature is used in the Haber process**
**High temp 450 degrees c**
77
What **pressure is used in the Haber process**?
**High 200 atmospheres**
78
What happens when **ammonia formed as a gas cools in the condenser** in the **haber process**?
**Liquifies** and is **removed**, **remaining hydrogen and nitrogen recycled**
79
What **2 things** can **ammonia be reacted with** to make **nitric acid**?
**Oxygen and water**
80
What can you **react together** to **produce ammonium nitrate**?
**Ammonia and nitric acid**
81
How is the **reaction between ammonia and nitric acid carried out in industry**?
At **high concentrations** and **high pressure, exothermic reaction, heat released** used to **evaporate water** from mixture- **concentrated ammonium nitrate**
82
How is the **reaction between Ammonia and nitric acid** carried out in a **school lab**?
**Lower concentration- less heat- safer** **Smaller scale- titration then crystallisation**
83
How is **potassium in NPK fertilisers sourced**?
**Potassium chloride and potassium sulphate mined**
84
How is **phosphate rock obtained for NPK fertilisers**?
**Mined**
85
Why does **phosphate rock** have to be **treated with acid** to be used as **fertiliser**?
**Produce soluble salts**
86
What does the **reaction between phosphate rock and nitric acid produce**?
**Phosphoric acid** and **calcium nitrate**
87
What does the **reaction between phosphate rock and sulfuric acid produce**?
**Calcium sulphate** and **calcium phosphate (single superphosphate)**
88
What does the **reaction between phosphate rock and phosphoric acid produce**?
**Calcium phosphate (triple superphosphate)**
89
What **3 acids can phosphate rock be treated with**?
**Nitric acid** **Sulphuric acid** **Phosphoric acid**

Chemistry Paper 2 (5 decks)

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