Topic 10.1 - Fundamentals to organic chemistry

Question 1

Aromatic

Answer 1

Unsaturated, ring structure with two types of covalent bonds (ie single and double)

Question 2

Aliphatic

Answer 2

Straight chain structures

Question 3

Crude oils

Answer 3

alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons (mostly)

Question 4

Condensed structural formula

Answer 4

Most atoms and bonds are shown but some are shortened (ie methyl groups shown as CH₃)

2,3-dimethylbutane (H₃CCHCH₃CHCH₃CH₃)

Question 5

Full structural formula

Answer 5

All atoms and bonds shown

Question 6

Skeletal formula

Answer 6

/\/

Question 7

Natural compounds

Answer 7

Found and produced in organisms

Question 8

Synthetic compounds

Answer 8

Formed by using natural and man-made reactants

Question 9

Functional group naming

Answer 9

Start counting carbons from left to right or the opposite way depending on the way to get the shortest functional group number. Bigger groups are prioritized. Numbers separated by commas, numbers and letters separated by hyphens.

ie pentan-2-ol instead of pentan-3-ol / 2,2-dichloropentane instead of 3,3-dichloropentane. 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane instead of 2-methyl-3-ethylhexane (or others)

Question 10

Primary compound

Answer 10

Carbon connected to only one carbon (-C-H)

Question 11

Secondary compound

Answer 11

Carbon connected to two carbons (-C-C-C-)

Question 12

Tertiary compound

Answer 12

Carbon connected to three carbons C

(C-C-C-)

Question 13

Biofuel

Answer 13

Substances whose energy is derived from carbon fixation in plants.

Question 14

Primary, secondary, tertiary amine

Answer 14

-NH₂, -NCH₃H, -NC₂H₆

Question 15

Catenation

Answer 15

Identical atoms joining together (ie carbons)

Question 16

Homologous series

Answer 16

Series of compounds of the same family differing by a common structural unit

Question 17

Physical properties of homologous series

Answer 17

As the number of carbons increases, the boiling point, viscosity, and density increase. Branched chains have lower boiling points - less tightly packed.

Question 18

Functional group

Answer 18

Reactive parts of a compound. Names the compound.

Question 19

Alkane

Answer 19

Functional group -> C-C / N/A

Suffix -> -ane

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

Example -> hexane (C₆H₁₄)

Question 20

Alkene

Answer 20

Functional group -> C=C / alkenyl

Suffix -> -ene

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ

Example -> but-2-ene (C₆H₁₂)

Question 21

Alkyl

Answer 21

Functional group -> C≡C / alkynyl

Suffix -> -yne

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₋₂

Example -> but-2-yne (C₆H₁₀)

Question 22

Arene

Answer 22

Functional group -> C-(cyclocarbon) / phenyl

Suffix -> - N/A

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₋₆

Example -> benzene

Question 23

Halogenoalkane

Answer 23

Functional group -> C-X / N/A

Suffix -> N/A

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁X / CₙH₂ₙX₂

Example ->
2-bromobutane (C₄H₉Br – H₃CCHBrCH₂CH₃)
2,2-dibromobutane (C₄H₈Br₂ – H₃CCBr₂CH₂CH₃)

Question 24

Alcohol

Answer 24

Functional group -> -O-H / hydroxyl

Suffix -> -ol

General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

Example ->
Ethanol (C₂HOH – H₃CCH₂OH)

Question 25

Aldehydes

Answer 25

Functional group -> -HC=O / aldehyde Suffix -> -al General formula -> CₙH₂ₙO / RCHO Example -> Ethanal (C₂H₄O -- H₃CCH=O)

Question 26

Ketones

Answer 26

Functional group -> R-C=O / carbonyl R/ Suffix -> -one General formula -> CₙH₂ₙO / RCOR' Example -> Propanone (C₃H₆O -- H₃CC=OCH₃)

Question 27

Carboxylic acids

Answer 27

Functional group -> -COOH / carboxyl Suffix -> -oic acid General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁COOH / RCOOH ``` Example -> Propanoic acid (C₂H₅COOH -- H₃CCH₂COOH) ```

Question 28

Esters

Answer 28

Functional group -> R-C=O / ester \O-R Suffix -> -oate General formula -> CₙH₂ₙCOO / RCOOR' ``` Example -> Methyl ethanoate (C₂H₆COO -- H₃CCOOCH₃) ```

Question 29

Ethers

Answer 29

Functional group -> R-O-R / ether Suffix -> N/A (oxy in the name) General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₂O / R-OR Example -> Ethoxyethane (C₄H₁₀O-- H₃CCH₂OCH₂CH₃)

Question 30

Amines

Answer 30

Functional group -> R-N-R/H / amino \R/H Suffix -> -amine General formula -> RNH₂ / RNHR' / RNR'R" Example -> Propan-1-amine (C₃H₇NH₂ -- H₃CCH₂CH₂NH₂)

Question 31

Amides

Answer 31

Functional group ->R-C=O / amido \NH2 Suffix -> -amide General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁CONH₂ / RCONH₂ Example -> Propanamide (C₂H₅CONH₂-- H₃CCH₂CONH₂)

Question 32

Nitriles

Answer 32

Functional group -> R-C≡N / cyano Suffix -> -nitrile General formula -> CₙH₂ₙ₊₁CN / RCN Example -> Propanenitrile (C₂H₅CN -- H₃CCH₂CN)

Question 33

Alkene vs alkane (reactivity)

Answer 33

Alkene > as the double bond is not as strong as two double bonds and the high electron density attracts electrophiles