topic 12 communicable diseases

Question 1

communicable diseases are those that can

Answer 1

be spread between organisms

Question 2

what are communicable diseases spread by

Answer 2

pathogens

Question 3

four main categories of pathogens

Answer 3

bacteria
viruses
protoctista
fungi

Question 4

how can bacteria harm humans

Answer 4

-release toxins
-enter host cells to prevent them from functioning properly

Question 5

toxins

Answer 5

are chemicals that damage host cells

Question 6

structure of virus

Answer 6

-genetic material wrapped in a protein structure called a capsid
-have attachment proteins to attach to host cells
-some contain a lipid envelope

Question 7

how do viruses reproduce

Answer 7

virus attaches to host cell and passes through the cell membrane
the virus copies itself using the enzymes of the host cell

Question 8

how do viruses damage us

Answer 8

-prevent host cells from functioning normally
-replicate before bursting and destroying cells

Question 9

how do fungi damage us

Answer 9

-the process of digestion can damage host cells when they release enzymes and digest material around them
-some produce toxins

Question 10

how do Protoctista damage us

Answer 10

take over cells and break them open

Question 11

what do protoctista require to transfer disease

Answer 11

a vector

Question 12

direct transmission

Answer 12

pathogens can be transferred directly from one organism to another

Question 13

examples of direct transmission

Answer 13

direct contact
airborne droplets

Question 14

indirect transmission

Answer 14

passed from one organism to another using an intermediate

Question 15

examples of indirect transmission

Answer 15

food and drinking water
vectors
contaminated objects

Question 16

factors that increase the risk of animal communicable diseases

Answer 16

living conditions
climate
social factors

Question 17

pathogen tuberculosis is caused by

Answer 17

bacterium

Question 18

organisms affected by tb

Answer 18

humans
cows
pigs
badgers

Question 19

effect on body by tb

Answer 19

damages the lungs and supresses the immune system

Question 20

mode of transmission of tb

Answer 20

airborne droplets
contaminated food and drink

Question 21

pathogen bacterial meningitis is caused by

Answer 21

bacterium

Question 22

organisms affected by bacterial menengitis

Answer 22

young children and teenagers

Question 23

effect on body by bacterial menengitis

Answer 23

damages membranes of the brain and can cause blood poisoning

Question 24

made of transmission of menengitis

Answer 24

airborne droplets

Question 25

pathogen HIV is caused by

Answer 25

virus

Question 26

organisms affected by HIV

Answer 26

humans and non human primates

Question 27

effect on body by HIV

Answer 27

gradually destroys immune system

Question 28

mode of transmission of HIV

Answer 28

exchange of bodily fluids

Question 29

pathogen influenza is caused by

Answer 29

virus

Question 30

organisms affected by influenza

Answer 30

mammals including humans, pigs and birds

Question 31

effect on body by influenza

Answer 31

kills ciliated epithelial cells in the gas exchange system

Question 32

mode of transmission of influenza

Answer 32

airborne droplets contaminated objects

Question 33

pathogen athletes foot is caused by

Answer 33

fungus

Question 34

organisms affected by athletes foot

Answer 34

humans

Question 35

effect on body by atheletes foot

Answer 35

causes cracking and scaling of the skin between the toes

Question 36

mode of transmission of atheletes foot

Answer 36

contaminated objects

Question 37

pathogen ringworm is caused by

Answer 37

fungus

Question 38

organims affected by ringworm

Answer 38

mammals including cattle, dogs, cats and humans

Question 39

effect on body by ringworm

Answer 39

causes a circular red rash

Question 40

mode of transmission by ringworm

Answer 40

direct contact

Question 41

pathogen malaria is caused by

Answer 41

protoctist

Question 42

organisms affected by malaria

Answer 42

humans other mammals reptiles birds

Question 43

effect on body

Answer 43

damages red blood cells, liver and brain

Question 44

mode of transmission of malaria

Answer 44

vector (Anopheles mosquito)

Question 45

factors that increase the risk of plant communicable diseases

Answer 45

crop variety overcrowding mineral nutrition climate change

Question 46

what pathogen is ringrot caused by

Answer 46

bacterium

Question 47

plants affected by ringrot

Answer 47

potatoes, tomatoes and aubergines

Question 48

effect on plant by ringrot

Answer 48

damages the leaves, tubers and fruit

Question 49

pathogen causing tobacco mosaic virus

Answer 49

virus

Question 50

plants affected by tobacco mosaic virus

Answer 50

many plants species including tobbacco, tomato and pepper plants

Question 51

effect on plants by tobacco mossaic virus

Answer 51

damages the leaves, flowers and fruit

Question 52

pathogen causing black sigatoka

Answer 52

fungus

Question 53

plants affected by black sigatoka

Answer 53

banana plants

Question 54

effect on plants by black sigatoka

Answer 54

attacks and destroys the leaves turning black

Question 55

pathogen causing potato blight

Answer 55

protocrist

Question 56

plants affected by potato blight

Answer 56

potatoes and tomatoes

Question 57

effect on the plant by potato blight

Answer 57

destroys leaves, tubers and fruit

Question 58

physical defences of plants

Answer 58

-waxy cuticle -cell wall -production of callose

Question 59

chemical defences in plants

Answer 59

-insect repellants -insecticides -antibacterial substances -toxins such as cyanide