Topic 12 Immune Response & Inflammation Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
The three major players in immunity
A
white blood cells
antibody
complement system
2
Q
Antigen
A
anything foreign that enters the body
–can bind to antibody and/or can bind to receptors on the T or B cells
3
Q
Target cells
A
antigenic cells that will be destroyed by immune system
4
Q
Immunogene
A
any substance that can stimulate an immune response
all are antigenic (can bind with antibody)
not all antigens are immunogens
5
Q
Pathogen
A
antigen with ability to cause disease
usually microorganism or toxin
6
Q
Are all antigens immunogens?
A
No
7
Q
any substance that can stimulate an immune response
A
Immunogene
8
Q
Microorganisms
A
bacteria / viruses / parasites / fungi / yeasts
9
Q
cells from genetically dissimilar individual
A
Allogeneic cells
10
Q
Infected cells
A
cells inhabited by viruses / certain bacteria /
parasites
11
Q
Antigen examples
A
Infected cells, microorganisms, allogeneic cells, malignant
12
Q
Leukocytes normal count? per mL
A
Avg adult has 75 billion circulating WBCs
NORMAL COUNT: 5,000 to 10,000 per mL
13
Q
Neutrophiles: % of total
A
40 to 75% of total
14
Q
Lymphocytes: % of total
A
20 to 45%
–
T Cells / B Cells
15
Q
Monocytes: % of total
A
Up to 8%
16
Q
Eosinophils: % of total
A
1 to 6%
17
Q
Basophils: % of total
A
Up to 1%
18
Q
Most numerous, named for granules in cytoplasm
A
Granulocytes
19
Q
What are 3 Granulocytes
A
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
20
Q
large white cells, become macrophages in body tissues
A
monocytes
21
Q
differentiate into B-and T-cells
A
Lymphocytes
22
Q
Where are Neutrophils made?
A
hematopoietic marrow
23
Q
Neutrophils where are they in body? Circulate ?
A
50% circulate
50% adhere to blood vessel wall
–Margination
–Ready to move into tissues
24
Q
Neutrophils function ?
A
phagocytosis
25
Neutrophils life span
hours to days
26
Neutrophils size?
10-15micrometer diameter
27
What are the first to enter an infected area?
Neutrophils
28
Neutrophils are the first to enter an infected area - they are attracted via what?
and phagocytize/d what?
-Attracted via chemotaxis
–Phagocytize invading organism
–Die
–Phagocytized by macrophages
29
Where do Eosinophils develop and mature?
hematopoietic marrow
30
Eosinophils are appear in what areas?
where foreign protein and parasites are
31
Involved in allergic reactions
Eosinophils
32
Eosinophils destroy what?
Designed to destroy cells coated with IgG
| antibodies, IgE antibodies and complement proteins
33
Eosinophils reside where?
tissues–Skin, bronchi, bronchioles
34
Eosinophils release what?
antitoxin (Major Basic Protein) to destroy organisms
35
Very effective against parasitic worms?
Eosinophils
36
Eosinophils life span
12-24 hrs
37
Least common Granulocyte
Basophils
38
What granulocyte chemotaxis and phagocytic activity
Basophils
39
Basophils main function to release what?
Release histamine (dilation)
release of heparin in areas of foreign invasion to prevent blood clots
from forming
–Blood clots–blood can’t circulate–WBC cannot get to foreign organism to destroy–tissue necrosis
40
Basophils have receptors for what?
Have receptors for IgE antibody
41
How are Basophils similar to mast cells?
Also contain histamine granules
| Also have surface receptors for IgE antibody
42
Where do Basophils circulate
Blood
43
Where are monocytes/macrophages made?
bone marrow
44
Monocyte/macrophage circulate how/how long?
circulate immature - mono
Leave the blood and travel to the tissues (Mature into macrophages)
Actively phagocytic–Concentrated in liver sinusoids, spleen, lungs
Monocytes in blood for 1-2 days
Macrophages in tissues for months to years
45
Monocyte/macrophage size?
12-20 micrometers
46
Lymphocytes - activated? circulate? wait where
Specific immune response when antigen invades
Activated when they recognize foreign matter
Circulate in blood
Wait in lymph nodes for antigens to appear
47
Lymphocytes play a role in rejection of what?
Play a role in rejection of organ transplants
48
T cells - mature where and do what?
Mature in thymus
Learn to recognize self
Attack self tissues–destroyed
49
Membrane receptors on T-Cells bind to what?
protein antigens–Need to recognize certain fragments of protein antigens
50
Antigen presenting cells (ie. Macrophage)
| digest and display a peptide fragment on cell surface that what recognizes?
that T-cells can recognize
51
Once T-Cells recognize–bind antigen what happens?
Release cytokines (interleukins)
52
Different types of T Cells
-Helper T-Cells
–Cytotoxic T Cells
–Suppressor T Cells
–Memory T Cells
53
Antibody molecules: protein molecules:
immunoglobulin
54
Antibody molecules produced by what>
Produced by B lymphocyte cells (plasma cells) in response to a specific antigen–after initial exposure, takes 14 days to reach full power (lag time)
55
Five classes of Antibody Molecules
IgG; IgM; IgD; IgA; IgE
56
Antibody molecules must do what to be effective ?
Must bind with the outer surface of the antigen
57
Can antibody molecules cross the cell membrane ?
NO
58
Antibody molecules functions (2)
```
opsonize antigen (mark antigen for destruction)
activate complement cascade
```
59
Opsonization does what?
Coating of antigen with antibody and complement
Provides targeting mechanism for the phagocytic neutrophils and macrophages allowing them to bind, engulf, and destroy the antigen
Provides points where the phagocytes can attach to the antigen
60
Phagocytic cells have two specific receptors on their membrane surface
–Fc receptor: binds with antibody
| –C3 receptor: binds with complement
61
Antigen Destruction Mediated by Antibody types(4)
Opsonization
Lysis
Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Neutralization
62
Lysis
complement activation leads to production of the membrane attack complex (MAC)
–the MAC will lyse the antigens membrane
63
Antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
cell destruction carried out by natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils of target cells opsonized by antibody
64
Neutralization
antibody renders the antigen toxins harmless
65
Most antibodies fall into what two classes?
IgG or IgM class
66
What is the antibody class determined by?
Class determined by the amino acid arrangements in heavy and light chains
–same arrangement in specific area of chain
67
IgM antibody class First antibody produced against an antigen by what cells?
B cells/ plasma cells
| –increased levels indicate new infection
68
IgM antibody class First antibody produced by what age?
fetus–increased levels indicate infection in
| newborn
69
IgM antibody class is what % if circulating antibodies
Accounts for 10 to 15% of circulating antibody
70
Largest antibody class?
IgM
remains in vascular system
71
Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies are part of what class of antibodies?
IgM
72
IgM function?
Activate Complement system
73
IgM can cause antigens to do what?
Can cause antigen agglutination
74
Second class of antigen to be released
IgD
75
IgD fxn?
Has little immunologic effect on antigen
| May assist with the maturation of B cells into plasma cells
76
Third class of antibodies released
IgE
77
IgE concentrations?
Found in very low concentrations in plasma
Increases with allergic reactions/anaphylactic reactions and parasitic infections
–causative agent for asthma, hay fever and other allergic reactions
78
IgE bind with what two types of cells?
Bind with basophils and mast cells stimulating
| them to release histamine
79
Fourth antibody class released
Most Important
Most potent
IgG
80
IgG % of antibody in system?
Comprises 80% of antibody in the immune system
| –produced in greatest amounts on second exposure to antigen
81
Only antibody that can cross the placenta?
IgG
provides immunologic protection for fetus
Rh antibody is an IgG antibody
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
82
IgG is very effective at binding and destroying what?
Very effective at binding and destroying antigen
83
4 subgroups of IgG
IgG1-4
84
–IgG4
produces potent vasodilators
| Protects bronchioles
85
-IgG3
activates complement proteins
| Enhances phagocytosis of antigen
86
–IgG2
attacks and destroys organisms encased in a saccharide coat. i.e. - Rest of bacteria
87
IgG1
protects body from (most) bacteria
88
IgA major antibody where?
Major antibody in the body fluids and mucous
secreted by the mucous membranes
–tears / breast milk / bronchiole secretions /saliva
89
IgA does what to the antigen ?
Binds with antigen to immobilize it– allows mucin (main ingredient of mucous) to remove antigen-antibody complex
90
What does IgA do to the complement system
Cannot activate the complement system
91
IgA triggers what?
trigger cell-mediated immune reactions
92
Immune system does what?
Protects individual against infectious pathogens
| Must recognize and destroy harmful invaders–but do no damage to normal body tissue
93
Immune system major players
Major players-white blood cells, antibody and the complement system–variety of chemical mediators
94
Immune types? (2)
innate, adaptive
95
Innate Immunity how does it work?
```
Inborn / natural
First line of defense–always present
Able to respond quickly
Uses general recognition mechanisms to detect antigen–recognizes microorganisms–limited number of recognition proteins available
Inflammation
```
96
Innate Immunity major players
epithelial barriers / phagocytes / complement / natural killer cells
97
Innate Immunity long term?
Does NOT produce long term immunity to antigen
98
Inflammation is what type of Immunity ?
Innate Immunity
99
Adaptive Immunity is what?
Responds to specific antigen–can be non microbial–millions of recognition proteins
Develops after exposure to antigen
Slow response
Produces very powerful response
100
Adaptive Immunity major players
Lymphocytes (T & B cells) are the major players
101
Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity (5)
Specificity
–immune reaction specific for offending antigen
Diversity
–lymphocytes can respond to millions of antigens
Memory
–lymphocytes can remember any antigen previously encountered
Self-regulation
Self-tolerance
–lymphocytes can distinguish self-tissue from non self
102
Self Regulation of Adaptive Immunity
lymphocytes can shut down activity after antigen is destroyed
103
Diversity (adaptive immunity)
lymphocytes can respond to millions of antigens
104
When is the immune response stimulated?
Immune response initiated when antigen stimulates activation of T and B cells
105
Immune response phases?
cognitive phase
activator phase
effector phase
106
Cognitive phase of immune response?
First phase
| antigen interacts with the T lymphocytes
107
Activator Phase of immune response?
Second phase
T cells respond by releasing cytokines
cytokines stimulate proliferation of T & B cells
108
Effector Phase of immune response?
(third phase)
| granulocytes / macrophages / complement activated antigen opsonized and engulfed
109
T Lymphocytes do what?
Direct immune response against protein antigen
Responsible for the type of white cells that respond and how they respond
T cells must recognize the antigen
110
T cell antigen response is called
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
111
T cells destroy what?
Destroy malignant cells, allogeneic cells and infected cells via lysis
112
T cells assist phagocytosis how?
Assist phagocytosis via release of cytokines that activate other phagocytic cells
113
Involved with delayed hypersensitivity immune reactions
T cells
114
Responsible for certain types of autoimmune disorders
T cells
115
Cause some types of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation
T cells
116
T cells aid what?
Aid B cells / plasma cells in antibody production
117
T cells produced and mature where?
Produced in bone marrow
Mature in thymus
–cells trained to distinguish self-tissue from non self-tissue
118
T cells travel where once mature?
Leave thymus–travel to secondary lymphatic organs
–lymph nodes
–spleen
–tonsils
119
How are T cells categorized
by protein molecules on cell membrane (i.e. CD8+ / CD4+)
120
Types of T cells (2)
cytotoxic cells CD8+
–helper cells CD4
–suppressor cells
121
Cytotoxic T cell once activated destroy what?
Destroy virally infected cells, allogenic cells (organ transplant), malignant cells
Once activate, release lytic molecules that rupture target cell
122
Helper T cells (CD4) do what?
Assist or activate other white cells–release cytokines to call other cells
Do not destroy antigen directly
123
what is MHC
MHC is major histocompatibility complex
found on most body cells
divided into Class I or Class II
binds with antigen fragments
124
Helper T cells - CD4 - two subsets
-TH1: inflammatory helper; releases cytokines that convert inactive T cells into cytotoxic T cells
–TH2: release cytokines needed for B cell activation and antibody secretion; MUST be present
125
Suppressor T cells
Activated to stop immune response once antigen has been destroyed
126
B Lymphocytes -Produce antibody in response to antigen
–called HUMORAL IMMUNITY
127
B Lymphocytes Must be activated by what type of cells before producing antibody against protein antigen
TH2 helper cells
128
Once B Lymphocytes are activated what happens?
proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
–plasma cells produce the antibodies for the specific antigen
–antibody will be produced until antigen has been destroyed
129
Protein antigen is present
Ingested by _____1____
Dendritic cell moves to the lymph node
Digested protein bound into a groove on the __2___ on surface of dendritic cell
1. dendritic cells (in skin)–Antigen is digested to small peptides
2. MHC molecule
