Topic 2

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

CHOPN

Question 2

Protein

Answer 2

CHOSN

Question 3

Water is a ….

Answer 3

Polar molecule due to highly electronegative oxygen atom

Question 4

Dipole

Answer 4

Unequal distribution of e-

Question 5

(cohesion) H2O can interact with any

Answer 5

polar or charged molecule

Question 6

(strong) Covalent bonds

Answer 6

is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. Molecules consist of 2+ atoms with covalent bonds

Question 7

(strong) Ionic bonds

Answer 7

e- is transferred between two atoms with opposite electronegativities, atoms become charged and stay associated

Question 8

(weak) hydrogen bond

Answer 8

forms when a hydrogen atom covalently bound to an electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

Question 9

(weak) Vander Waal

Answer 9

interactions are attractions between molecules that are close together as a result of these charges

Question 10

Why are carbons good?

Answer 10

1. Can bond with 4 other atoms
2. Can form chains
3. Can form abundant (molecular diversity)

Question 11

Macromolecules

Answer 11

are large and complex molecules that are composed of many covalently connected atoms

Question 12

Polymer

Answer 12

is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

Question 13

monomers

Answer 13

The smaller, repeating molecules that serve as building blocks

Question 14

4 of lifes organic molecules are polymers

Answer 14

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, and Lipids

Question 15

Synthesis

Answer 15

Growing the chain

requires energy

Question 16

Breakdown

Answer 16

Cleavage of covalent

energy is available

Question 17

Carbohydrates

Answer 17

include sugar and polymers of sugars .
Energy storage.
Cell structure.
Cell-cell recognition

Question 18

Simple or single sugars

Answer 18

monosaccharides (CH2O)

Question 19

Carbohydrate macromolecules

Answer 19

polysaccharide

Question 20

Glucose (C6 H12 O6)

Answer 20

the main energy source for cells

Question 21

disaccharide

Answer 21

forms when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.

Glycosidic linkage

Question 22

starch

Answer 22

a storage polysaccharides of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers.

Question 23

Surplus starch

Answer 23

store as granules within chloroplasts, and other plastids

Question 24

Glycogen

Answer 24

storage polysaccharide in animals and fungi (mainly in liver and muscle cells.

Question 25

Hydrolysis of glycogen

Answer 25

releases glucose when the demand for energy increases.

Question 26

Cellulose

Answer 26

major component of plants cell walls | polymer of glucose

Question 27

chitin (polysaccharide)

Answer 27

is found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

Question 28

lipids

Answer 28

are the one class of large biological molecules that does not form polymers

Question 29

fats

Answer 29

storage of energy | glycerol and fatty and acid

Question 30

phospholipids

Answer 30

membranes

Question 31

steroids

Answer 31

membranes, hormones signalling

Question 32

Glycerol

Answer 32

3C alcohol, each C has an OH (reactive

Question 33

Fatty acids

Answer 33

a long CH chain carboxyl (O=C-HO) group at one end

Question 34

Saturated fats

Answer 34

Only C-C | Most animal fat

Question 35

Unsaturated fats

Answer 35

Some C=C liquid

Question 36

Steroids

Answer 36

CH skeleton with 4 rings fused Hormones: estrogen, testosterone , Cholesterol Stability of membranes

Question 37

Functions of protein

Answer 37

``` Catalyzing chemical reactions Structural support Storage Transport Cellular communications Movement Defense against foreign substances ```

Question 38

amino acids are linked by

Answer 38

peptide

Question 39

Primary structure

Answer 39

is determined by inherited genetic information

Question 40

Secondary structure

Answer 40

interaction b/w backbone polypeptide | helix, sheet

Question 41

Tertiary Structure

Answer 41

Overall shape of polypeptide and is determined by interactions between R groups, not by interactions between constituents

Question 42

Quaternary structure

Answer 42

results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

Question 43

Affect protein structure

Answer 43

pH Salt concentration Temperature other environmental

Question 44

Nucleic acids

Answer 44

Provides directions for its own replication | Directs synthesis of messenger RNA ((mRNA and through mRNA controls protein systhesis (gene expression - ribosomes)

Question 45

RNA

Answer 45

transmit info in the cell

Question 46

miRNA

Answer 46

gene regulation

Question 47

snRNA

Answer 47

splicing

Question 48

Components of nucleic acids

Answer 48

1'C - Nitro base attaches 2'C - DNA just H RNA OH 3'C - essential for polymerization 5'C- Phosphate group attaches

Question 49

Basic structure of monomer

Answer 49

1) nitrogen base 2) 5C sugar (pentose) 3) Phosphate group

Question 50

nucleoside

Answer 50

nitrogenous + sugar

Question 51

nucleotide

Answer 51

nucleoside + phosphate group

Question 52

Pyrimidines

Answer 52

single ring Cytosine Thymine Uracil

Question 53

Purines

Answer 53

double ring Adenine Guanine

Question 54

DNA

Answer 54

H

Question 55

RNA

Answer 55

OH

Question 56

Backbone

Answer 56

suagr phosphate

Question 57

Phosphodiester

Answer 57

Covalent dehydration reaction