Topic 2 Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What is the revolt of the northern earls also called
A
The northern rebellion
2
Q
Who was the earl of westmorland
A
- catholic
- wealthy land owner
- made warden of middle march
- had a less important roll in E. government (demoted)
3
Q
Who was the earl of northumberland
A
- catholic
- Henry Vlll killed his farther
- E. took land of him and his copper mine
- she shared his land with his rival
4
Q
Why was the northern revolt a damp squib
A
Achieved nothing
Didn’t get men from Lancashire or Cheshire (catholic nobles)
10,000 men after them
No Spanish troupes came to help
Mary qof scotts was moved away from rebels path (to coventry)
E. Kept control of the major northern towns
Earls threatened by E.s army
5
Q
Evidance to show that the revolt of the northern earls wanted to restore the catholic faith.
A
- the rebels wanted to re establish catholicism as the countrys religion
- at the start of the revolt, the earls stormed into duraran cathedral and held a catholic service
- the rebels wore catholic badges and emblems
6
Q
Evidence to show that the rebels wanted to restore political power of the northern nobility, both in the North and at court.
A
The earls had political grievances against Elizabeth as should weakend their powers in the north. The earl Northumberland had lost an important position as warden of Middlemarch. Elizabeth extended central control from London by putting a cousin Lord Hunsdon in charge of berwick and she appointed the Earl of Sussex as president of the council of the North.
Government of the north was not carried out by the council of the north rather than nobility
After E, first found out about the Norfork plan she summoned the earls to court, they feared prion or execution they may have though there only option was to revolt.
7
Q
Evidence to show that the revolt of the northern earls wanted to remove ‘evil councillors’ who were influencing the queen away from true faith.
A
Wanted to get rid of evil councillors such as Cecil, who they blamed for religious changes and their loss of political power
Mary made 50 catholic members of her privy council but E. had only kept 10 of them in their positions, the rest were replaced with protestants.
8
Q
Evidence to show that the revolt of the northern earls didn’t mention removing E. but there was evidence to suggest they wanted to replace her with MQS
A
There were letters in early 1569 between MQS and the Spanish ambassador which suggests the Spanish would support a rebellion to place MQS on the throne.
The earls wanted MQS to be recognised as E. successor and for her imprisonment to end.
The earls had already taken part in a plan to marry Mary Queen of Scots to the Duke of Norfolk the most powerful noble in England they hoped this would help Mary to become Elizabeth’s successor however nobles loyal to Elizabeth had also been part of this plan because they hoped this marriage would force Elizabeth to name a successor these loyal nobles told E. about the plan
9
Q
Why was the northern earls not significant
A
The revolt had a little chance of success although large numbers of the Earls own men joined themThey did not gain the support of other northern nobles
most English Catholics did not support the revolt
the earls were not brave or decisive leaders and so the News of the Earl of Sussex army moving towards them let them into a panic and they retreated and then fled
the Spanish did not send troops to support the rebels
King Philip second of Spain did not want to MQS to the Queen of England because of her close links with France
The rebels never seem sure weather to overthrow E. and replace her with MQS or just free Mary and have her named E. heir
Elizabeth had dealt with the revolt effectively 
10
Q
Why didn’t King Philip want Mary Queen of Scots on the throne of England
A
Because of her close links with the France which was Spains enemy
11
Q
How did E. deal with the revolt effectively
A
Her officials in the North had remained loyal to her and kept control of the most important towns she had no trouble raising a loyal army of 10,000 men to march against the revolt.
12
Q
How did Elizabeth prevent Mary Queen of Scots posing a threat during the revolt of the northern earls
A
She moved her to Coventry the Earls realise they could not ask you MQS,
13
Q
Evidence to show that Elizabeth took harsh actions against those involved in the revolt of the northern earls
A
After the revolt failed 450 of the 700 were executed when Northumberland was captured in Scotland he was sent back to England to be executed?
14
Q
Evidence to show that the revolt of the northern earls also prompted harsher treatments for Catholics
A
In 1572 Elizabeth Sent Earl of Huntingdon (a committed Protestant) to laead the council of the North - he implemented law against Catholics
15
Q
Why was the revolt of the northern else significant
A
The revolt showed the danger that Mary Queen of Scots represented as a rallying point for English Catholics
Elizabeth took harsh actions
the revolt prompted harsher treatments for Catholics
the pope responded by excommunicating Elizabeth
16
Q
In 1571 Elizabeth made the treason laws harsher
what does this mean
A
Making it treasonable to claim she was a heretic or bring the paper bulls ( order issued by the pope) to England.
17
Q
Who was Robert ridofi?
A
An Italian baker living in England
One of the popes spies
18
Q
When was the ridolfi plot
A
1571
19
Q
What were the aims of the Ridolfi plot?
A
Overthrow E. and replace with MQS and restore catholic religion
20
Q
What foreign support was there for the Ridolfi plot?
A
The Spanish were going to send an army but weren’t enthusiastic
Pope supportorted plot
Philip ll told duke of alba to prepare 10,000 men to send to England if necessary
21
Q
How was the Ridolfi plot uncovered
A
In london E. government was unravelling the plot, Norfolks servents betrayed him under interrogation
22
Q
What were the consequences for the duke of Norfolk and Mary queen of scots (Ridolfi plot)
A
Duke of Norfolk was put on trial in January 1572 and found guilty (be headed)
MQS was not executed
23
Q
What happened to relations with Spain after the Ridolfi plot?
A
They did not decline at this stage
24
Q
What was the St Bartholomew day of massacre and why did it increase fears of a catholic attack in England,
A
Thoasnads of protestants murdered in paris on orders of MQS relatives (1572)
Could have given an example for catholics in England
25
When was St Bartholomew day of massacre
1572
26
Who was Francis throckmorton
Young catholic man who carried messages between mary queen of scots and the french and Spanish embassadors.
Also in contact with members of the english catholic nobility
27
When was the throckmorton plot
1583
28
What were the aims of the throckmorton plot
To free MQS and restore Catholicism in England. The government believed the target was the life of E.
29
What foreign support was there for the throckmorton plot
Invasion lead by french duke of guise and financially supported by phillip ll
The pope new -and approved- of the plans
30
How was the throckmorton plot uncovered
throckmortons house searched
Papers found incriminating a number of catholic nobles
Letters between MQS and france + Spain
Aims mainly confessed under torture
31
Why was there no popular support for the plot
E. government discovered the Plot before it could reach the public
32
What happened to the spanish ambassador after the throckmorton plot, mendoza?
E. Expelled Mendoza
33
Why was there increased fears around English catholics.
People were worried that english catholics were just waiting for a signal from the pope and military support from France and Spain.
The assassination of William fo orange increased government fear that catholics would try to assassinate E. too
34
Who was william of orange
The leader of the dutch protestants
35
When was William kf orange assassinated
1584
36
What was the aim of the bond of association
Prevent any further plots
37
What did the bond of association mean
To execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the queen
Anyone who would have benefited from E. death would have been punished
In the event that E. life was threatened MQS would be executed
38
How does the bond of association prove that parliament was worried about english catholics
The bond of association proves that Parliament was worried about Catholics as Elizabeth got her closest adviser to draft it
they would have been worried about Catholics as they made an association to stop plots
they acted very harshly to enforce rules showed how scared they are.
39
How would the bond of association help prevent catholic plots
Catholics who did create plots to overthrow Elizabeth would have been killed this would scare Catholics to not make plots
40
Evidence to show that the Ridolfi plot posed a significant threat
Coming so soon after the papal bull excommunicating Elizabeth
the ridolfi plot reinforced the threat posed by Mary and Catholics both at home and abroad.
It reinforced the threat to England from Spain. already concerned by Duke of Alba’s presents in the Netherlands anxiety about Spain‘s intentions towards Elizabeth increased.
The plot gave Protestant MPs in parliament the opportunity to put pressure on Elizabeth to be harsher to Catholics .in 1581 Parliament past two laws against Catholics: recusants would now be fine £20 and attempting to convert people to Catholicism was now treason
The queen passed an act saying that anyone who claimed she was no a rightful queen was a traitor
41
Evidence to show that the Ridolfi plot didn’t posed a significant threat
The plot never reached the public arena and so never got popular
there wasn’t a lot of support from the English people
foreign support was not clear the Duke of Alba wrote to Philip suggesting that Spain should only invade after Elizabeth had been overthrown.
42
Evidence to show that the throckmorton plot posed a significant threat
Throckmorton’s papers included a list of Catholic sympathisers in England suggesting that the governments fear of English Catholics as ‘the enemy within’ was real
Life became harder for Catholics as they were treated with great suspicion by the government
many important Catholics fled England after the plot and up to 11,000 were imprisoned or kept under surveillance or house arrest.
The bond of association was drafted in response
another act of parliament in 1585 made helping or sheltering Catholic priests punishable with death.
Foreign powers especially France and Spain were involved in the plots
Counsellors focused on finding concrete evidence that would incriminate Mary Queen of Scots

43
Evidence to show that the throckmorton didnt pose a significant threat
The plot never reached public area and so never got popular support.
There wasn’t j of support from the english people,
44
Who was Anthony babington
25 year old catholic male
| Responsible for sending information to mary from her supporters in England and Europe, and passing back her replies.
45
What were the aims of the babington plot
Murder Elizabeth
Make mary queen
Restore catholism
46
In July 1586 Babington wrote to Mary outlining 6 steps which needed to be taken to free the country from protestantism and how did these steps involve Spain, with whom england was now at war with.
The first 4 steps involved planning for a successful invasion by a foreign army, probably spain
47
The conspiritors planned to assassinate Elizabeth and give the English throne to Mary but this time with support from who?
Franco-spanish invasion forces
The duke of guise woukd invade england with 60,000 men
The pope supported this plan
48
What was the 6th step in the babbington 6 step plan
Dispatch of the usurper
49
How was the babington plot uncovered
Spies within marys household, convinced MQS it was safe to recive/send ketters hidden in beer battles.
All letters intercepted and sent to walshingham
50
What happened to the babington plotters
All conspirtes arrested and or sent to death for treason
Babington and his accoplices were hung drawn and quartered
51
What were the consequenes for MQS after the babington plot
MQS was moved to fotheringham castle
| Recommend that she should be executed
52
What were some methords used by Francis walshingham
```
Intercepting letters and messages
Network of spies amd agents
Acts of parliment
Searched and registers
Ciphers
Interrogation and torture
```
53
How would intercepting letters and messages help protect E.
They would know about any potential plots
| Intersecting plotters communication
54
How would intercepting letters, ciphers, network of spies and agents and searches and regusters help contribute to marys execution
Gain evidence on marys involvement
Gains more information to put against her
Gives a way to find out about plots
55
How was the acts of parliment contributing marys execution
Any plots would lead to marys death because of the bond of association
56
How was interrogating and torture contributing to Mary’s execution
People would give information under torture they could use against E.
57
How did capturing catholic priests and recusants contributing to marys execution
The pope made the situation more serious by sending missionary priests to England, increasing Mary’s power, making her more of a threat.
58
How would The network of spies and agents would help protect E.
Get more information on plots to stay ahead of them, then being able to prevent what they plan for E.
59
How would the acts if parliment and torture help protect E. (from plots)
Scare people into not plotting because of the increased punishment.
60
How would searches and regusters help protect E.
They could learn more about any advances of people getting close to E.
61
How would ciphers help protect E.
Plotters wouldn’t be able to read them an wouldn’t know that E, knew about the plots and therefore would be able to stop them.
62
How would capturing catholic priests and recusants help protect E.
Stop the spread of catholic fanatics. E. Safer because of less catholic plotting
63
Evidence to show intercepting letters was used as a methord by walshingham
Marys letters were smuggled out in the heels of her shoes,
E. Government placed informers in susoects houses to tackle it.
Walshingham employed a man who could re-seal letters so plotters didnt know they had be intercepted
And he also employed a leading code breaker who could decipher marys letters
64
Evidence to show networks of spies and agents were used as a methord by walshingham
By 1580 walshingham had agents in 12 towns across France, 9 in Germany, 4 in Spain and 3 in Italy.
There were spies and informants in every county and important town across England.
The lord lieutenants of each county and the bishops officially reported threats to walshingham.
Some informants were double agents and were taking part in plots agaist E. and sending information back to E.
Some ordinary people were payed for important information
65
Evidence to show the acts if parliament were usefull for stopping plots (methord by walshingham)
Throughout the 1570s and 1580s penalties against catholics were increased , including the execution on priests.
The 1584 bond of association said that in the event of E. life being threatend, MQS would be executed
66
Evidence to showed that searches and registers were used as a methord by walshingham
Town councils were authorised to search foreigners houses. The owners of inns had to report any foreigners staying there.
Customs officials could also question traveler and search them for letters
67
Evidence to show ciphers was used as a methord by walshingham
Walshingham used a secrate way of writing in code to hid is plans to catch plotters.
68
Evidence to show interrogation and torture was used as a methord by walshingham
Captured priests such as Edmund campion and plotters such as Francis throckmorton tortured to extract information. They were then executed as a warning
In 1580 at least 6 priests were taken to the tower and tortured
He only used torture in serious cases as he didn’t want to make people sympathetic for catholics
130 priests and 60 of there supporters were executed during E. reign.
69
Evidence to show capturing catholic priests and recusants was used as a methord by walshingham
From 1574 the pope started sending missionary priests to England.
But walshingham spies were affective at seizing priests on the streets of London
70
Reasons to agree that the babington plot was the main cause of the execution of MqS
Walsingham gained proof of Mary‘s involvement through the Babington plot when she replied to Anthony Babington on 17th of July 1586.
This meant enough evidence was gathered to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial on October 15 86 Mary’s found guilty and sentenced to death
Walshingham used his spy network to uncover the plots and marys involvement

71
Reasons to dissagree that the babington plot was the main cause of the execution of MqS
From the revolt of the northern earls onwards the house of commons kept up continual pressure and Elizabeth to execute Mary
Mary’s trial took place in 1586 yet Elizabeth didn’t sign her death warrant until 1587
Mary would always be a threat to Elizabeth as she was Elizabeth’s cousin and had a strong claim to the throne also Mary was catholic which made her a strong threat she attracted support from Catholics who were opposed to Elizabeth’s religious settlement
Both Parliament and council believed that Elizabeth would never be safe or Mary was alive
The revolt of the northern earls the ridolfi plot and the Throckmorton plot provided evidence that Mary was a danger to Elizabeth.
The assassination of Protestant ruler William of Orange in 1584 and the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585 made Elizabeth government even more worried about catholic attacks and the threat to Elizabeth. Spain was planning on invasion of England from 1585 there was rumours that Spanish troops had landed in Wales that Mary had escaped these rumours reinforce that Mary is continued existence posed a threat to England.

72
Why was Elizabeths reluctant to sign Mary’s death Warrant?
Elizabeth believed in divine right
No right to execute a legitimate monarch
It would undermine her own claim to rule by divine right
It would fuel plots against her
73
Why is the babington plot significant
- execution of MQS, removal of important threat
- ended any hope of replace E. with a catholic heir
- catholics had no-one to rally around - no hope of overthrowing E.
- E. government determined to crush catabolism
- increased tensions between England and Spain
74
Why was the catholic threat at home reduced?
No more major catholic threats
75
How did E.s government attempt to crush Catholicism?
Mass arrest of recusants in England
Over 300 in north London
31 priests executed
76
Why did relations between Spain and England make the Babington plot particularly significant
With England and Spain at war it made E. situation more dangerous than previous plots
77
Why did Marys execution make a foreign invasion more likely?
E. Executed a catholic queen which Philip couldn’t let happen. Gave Philip another reason to invade
78
Why was the revolt of northern earls not significant
Lack of support from chestier and Lancashire earls
Lack of foreign support - Spain didn’t send troupe
Poor readership - not brave or decisive
Elizabeth handled it well- sent 10,000 men lead by earl of Sussex, Mary moved into coventry
79
From what date onward did Elizabeth increase penalties against catholics?
1570s onward
80
In 1581 E. passed two laws against catholics. What were the two laws?
Recusants could now be fined £20
| Attempting to convert people to Catholicism was now treason
81
What are the three main reasons english and Spanish relations declined?
Religious rivalry
Trade and commercial rivalry
Political rivalry
82
When were catholic priests smuggled into England
1574
83
What did the catholic priests do in 1574 and why?
They travelled undercover and stayed with well to do catholic families. Homes with priests were raised and those priests caught risked beginning hanged drawn and quartered
84
Why did religious rivalry between Spain and England increase the chance of war?
The religious rivalry between the two countries was so great it made war inevitable
This increase fear of religious crusade Philip the second was a devout Catholic who sorry his life’s work to return countries to the catholic church 
85
What are the limitations with the argument that religious rivalry was the reason Spanish and English relations declined
Philip took no action when Elizabeth created the Protestant church of England, niether when the pope excommunicated Elizabeth in 1570 he didn’t want war with England at this point as he was concerned that an attack on England could lead to France and England allying against Spain
if religion was a cause it was a long-term one
86
What was the political rivalry between Spain and England
Spain was the most powerful country at this time they ruled The Netherlands and own land in South America in 1580 he became king of Portugal as well treasure from the new world made Spain very wealthy and allow them to build a strong army and feet
87
How did political rivalry increases the chance of war between England and Spain.
Elizabeth sent an army to the Netherlands led by the Earl of Leicester.
This angered Philip as he saw them as a direct inference in his affairs
The activities of Francis Drake in the New World angered Philip as he saw them as a direct inference is affairs
88
What are the limitations with the argument that political rivalry caused English and Spanish relations to decline
At first Philip was more worried by France then by England Phillips anxiety be about the power of France meant that he was preferred to have Elizabeth as queen of England and Mary
89
Limitations with the argument that trade and commercial rivalry lead to English and Spanish relations to decline?
There were trading issues long before 1585 so not the ultimate cause
War happens 13 years after Francis drake was hired
90
Why does Elizabeth look for New-markets overseas
Overproduction of cloth tried to slip so they tried to establish new markets overseas Elizabeth explores travelling overland and setting up trading agreements with Russia and India.
The cloth trade in Antwerp collapsed 
91
How did Elizabeth looking for new markets over seas to increase the chances of war
It directly affected him because of Phillips actions collapsing the market forced Elizabeth to find a new market inconvenient for England and lost money
the Spanish troops in Netherlands disrupted English trade
92
What were the limitations with the argument that Elizabeth looking for new markets overseas increase the chance of war between Spain and England
Trading issues long before 1585 so not the ultimate cause
93
What valuables were in the New World
Tobacco
sugar cane
silver
94
How did England interfere with the new world
John hawking attempted to sell slaves to colonists in the new world in 1562 + 64
95
How did drakes acts of privacy increase chance of war between England and Spain
Francis Drake stole £20,000 in Spanish ships in South America and Elizabeth pretended to know nothing about them as the financial water so great this weekened Spains power and anger Philip.
96
When was Drake hired by Elizabeth has a privateer
1572
97
Elizabeth issue Drake with the secret order to attacks attack Spain in the New World when and what did he return with.
1580 £20,000
98
Limitations with the argument that Francis Drake stealing from Spanish ships increase chance of war between Spain and England
War happened 13 years after drake was hired
99
When was the treaty of Nonesuch
August 1585
100
How many rebels and led by who was a part of the treaty of Nonesuch
7000 , earl of liecester
101
What did Philip the second week of the treaty of non-such
As an act of war
102
Elizabeth supplied the arm with a death to support the rebels but not enough to try and defeat Spain. True or false?
True
103
What did the Earl of Leicester have some success with during the treaty of Nonesuch
Slowed Spanish advances
| stop Spain capturing deepwater port of Flushing
104
When was Drake sent to disrupt the flow of Spanish resources
1585
105
When did the Spanish Netherlands become a problem for Elizabeth
1566
106
Who was Elizabeth under pressure to help from her advisor
Dutch Protestants
107
How does Elizabeth put pressure on Spain
By stealing from them and attacking their colonies in the new world for example in 1570 do Jake was sent to Panama and Elizabeth Chelsea burgers also in 1568 there was a Genoese loan
108
When Dutch rebels renew their campaign against Spanish as they wanted independence from Spain
1572
109
Where was looted in the Spanish fury
Antwerp
110
How many were killed in the Spanish fury
7000
111
How many Dutch Protestants wanted the Spanish out
17 (all)
112
What was the pacification of Ghent
The Dutch wanted Spain out and independence Elizabeth sent £100,000 to Dutch rebels after the pacification of Ghent which showed direct support she agreed to send troupd to support the passivisation of ghent
113
Philip agrees to the pacification of Ghent however Philip does what six months later
Attack
114
John Casimir sent by Elizabeth had an army of how many volunteers to help the Dutch
6000
115
Elizabeth’s plan was to distance herself from helping the Dutch by sending John C instead how did the plans backfire
John attacked Dutch Catholics which meant that Dutch Catholics made peace with Spain
116
The privy council encourage direct intervention Elizabeth then persuade who to invade
Future husband Duke of Alenson
117
Who replaced duke of Alva in leadin Spanish army’s
Duke of palma
118
When did philip become king of portgcal
1580
119
When was William of Orange assassinated
1584
120
When was the treaty of joinvilli signed between French catholic league and spain
1584
121
What was the aim of the treaty of Joinville
Crush Protestantism
122
When did Elizabeth finally send English armies (netherland)
1585
123
Evidence of English preparations for the Spanish armada
Elizabeth use the year is 1585 to 1588 to strengthened England’s defences
every county was ordered to provide soldiers to defend the coast
warning beacons are set up and trading ships were converted into fighting ships
When the armada set sail it was spotted off the coast of Cornwall
the beacons were lit along the south coast to send news to Elizabeth in London the English were able to set Sail from Plimouth and chase Amanda down the channel.
124
What was the Spanish plan for the armada
Phillips plan involve the armada sailing through the English Channel to calais
where the Duke of Palmer and is 20,000 troops would meet the armada
the armada would land in kent and March to London
English Catholics would rise up and Elizabeth had to surrender
the plan requires good communication for the armada and palmers army to link up the time he had to be a spot on which it was not pain was not there on the day the armada arrived in arrived in calais.
125
What was the singeing of the king of Spain’s beard
In April 1587 Sir Francis Drake weekend Spainspreparation for war
Drake heavily damaged Spanish ships in Cediz harbour (30 ships were damage )
this delayed construction of the armada by destroying Spanish ships and supplies
after the attack Drake destroyed Portuguese ships with materials needed for making the barrels that would hold the Amadas food supply finally
Drake captured the San Felipe and return to England with £114,000. His actions by Elizabeth another 12 months to prepare England’s defences
126
What were the fire ships (armada)
In 1588 130 Spanish ships carrying 17,000 men sailed up the English channel in a Cresant formation this was a strong defence strategy that made it difficult for the English to attack when the Spanish reached Calais harbour £ during the night the English commander Lord Howard ordered that eight unmanned English ships Would be filled with flammable the materials such as tar and gunpowder
they would then be set on fire and the wind would carry them towards Spanish ships this cause the Spanish sailors to panic and pull up the anchors losing their tight battle formation
The armarda was then blown towards the coast of the Netherlands
the armada was scattered and could no longer link up with Parmas army.
127
What was the battle of Gravelines
Lord Howard gave the order to attack
this battle was fought in very poor weather with a rough seas and poor visibility many Spanish ships were damaged or lost and 1000 sailors were killed however the English ships were faster and had long-range cannons which were easier to load than the Spanish no English ships were lost
128
How did the wind and weather affect the armada
After the battle of Gravelines the wind change direction and force the already damaged ships out of the North Sea beat the Spanish leader decided to call off the attack on England and they try to return to Spain around Scotland and Ireland over 40 Spanish ships were wrecked at the coast of Scotland and Ireland because of the Atlantic storms and thousands of sailors either drowned or are killed by local inhabitants only 80 ships made it back to Spain.
129
How did the leaders affect the armada
English commander Drake Lord Howard and John Hawkings - very experienced sailors
Philip had appointed Duke of Medina Sidonia as his commander after his first choice died however he did not have a naval background and he suffered from seasickness.

130
How are the resources different between England and Spain for the armada
English had 54 battleships 140 converted merchant ships however the Spanish had 64 battleships and 45 converted merchant ships English it’s faster and easier to manoeuvre the galleon was faster and lower so the Spanish galleons would not be able to deal with the new ships both England and Spain had 2000 cannons yet English had a long range Callens that could fire consecutively.
131
What success came for Elizabeth after the victory of the armada
Elizabeth was able to use this as propaganda and a portrait was commissioned a new meddle was made it said “God blue and they were scattered” she emphasised that God clearly seem to favour Protestant ism as he sent the wind that defeat the armada the victory also encourage feeling of English pride as England had surviving attacked by a more powerful country.
132
What were the consequences for the Navy after the armada
The defeat of the armada showed strength of English maybe by the end of Elizabeth’s rain Navy was playing important role in attempts to set up English colonies in North America after 1588 it gave England the confidence to trade and explore more widely on the open sea England established viable trade routes with India and Far East
133
What were the consequences to the Netherlands after the English victory of the armada
Encourage Dutch rebels to renew their fight against Spain and the Anglo Dutch alliance became stronger than ever
