Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO107 Cell and Molecular > Topic 2 > Flashcards

Topic 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Water is the biological medium here on Earth, and is the most abundant substance in living systems, making up ____ of the weight of most organisms.

A

70% or more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the four emergent properties of water?

A
  1. Cohesion and Adhesion of Water Molecules
  2. Moderation of Temperature by Water
  3. Evaporative Cooling of Water
  4. Water as the Solvent of Life
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Water molecules stay close to each other as a result of ___ and these bonds that hold the water together, is a phenomenon called ____.

A

hydrogen bonding; cohesion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cohesion contributes to the _____ in plants.

A

transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Combined with cohesion is adhesion
which is the ____.

A

clinging of one substance to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This ____ helps counter the downward pull of gravity.

A

adhesion of water to cell walls by hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Water moderates air temperature by _____.

A

absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

It relates to which ___ in order to break hydrogen bonds; by the same token, heat is released when ___.

A

heat must be absorbed; hydrogen bonds are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down. This
evaporative cooling occurs because ____.

A

the “hottest” molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy, are the most likely to leave as a gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

It is a sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion.

A

hydration shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 Biomolecules

A
  1. Nucleic Acids
  2. Proteins
  3. Lipids
  4. Carbohydrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The monomers of nucleic acids are ___.

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A nucleotide is composed of three parts: (3)

A
  1. a nitrogenous base,
  2. a five-carbon sugar
  3. one or more phosphate groups.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The portion of the nucleotide without any phosphate groups is called a ___.

A

nucleoside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

There are two families of nitrogenous bases:

A
  1. Pyrimidine - 6 membered ring (cytosine, thymine, uracil)
  2. Purine -6 membered ring fused to a 5 membered ring (adenine, guanine)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The complementary base pairing states that ____, while ____.

A

adenine always pairs with thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA; guanine always pairs with cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In terms of sugar, in DNA, it is called ____and RNA has the sugar, ____.

A

deoxyribose; ribose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The two sugar phosphate backbones run in arrangement called “______”.

A

antiparallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Monomers of proteins.

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Many proteins are roughly spherical (____), while others are shaped like long fibers (____).

A

globular proteins
fibrous proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Folding of proteins are done by ____ and when proteins are transferred from an aqueous environment to a non-polar solvent, it unravels and loses its native shape by a process called ____.

A

chaperonins; denaturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

It is a linked series of amino acids with a unique sequence. It is determined not by the random linking of amino acids, but by
inherited genetic information.

A

primary structure of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This is collectively referred to as coils and folds, which are the result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone.

A

secondary structure of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

It is a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid.

A

a-helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Two or more strands of the polyopeptide chain lying side by side (called b strands) are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel polypeptide backbones.

A

b pleated sheet

26
Q

It is the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between the side chains (R groups) of the various amino acids.

A

tertiary structure of proteins

27
Q

caused by the exclusion of nonpolar substances by the water molecules.

A

hydrophobic interaction

28
Q

___ are between polar side chains and ____ are between positively and negatively charged side chains.

A

hydrogen bonds; ionic bonds

29
Q

These further reinforce the shape of a protein. They are formed when two cysteine monomers which have sulfhydryl groups (-SH) on their side chains are brought closer together by the folding of protein.

A

disulfide bridges

30
Q

It is the overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits, the a and b subunits.

A

quaternary structure of proteins

31
Q

how do proteins act as enzymes?

A

selectively accelerate chemical reactions,
e.g. digestive enzymes on hydrolyzing bonds inn food molecules

32
Q

how do proteins act as storage of amino acids?

A

e.g. ovalbumin, the protein of the egg white serve as storage of amino acid for the developing embryo.

33
Q

how do proteins act as the coordinator of an organism’s activities?

A

e.g. insulin regulating blood sugar concentration

34
Q

how do proteins act as motor proteins?

A

for movement
e.g. actin and myosin for the contraction of muscles

35
Q

proteins as protection against diseases

A

e.g. antibodies inactivating bacteria and viruses

36
Q

proteins as transporter of nutrients

A

e.g. hemoglobin transports oxygen

37
Q

as one function of proteins, to which do they respond?

A

chemical stimuli

38
Q

proteins as support

A

e.g. collagen and elastin providing a fibrous framework in connective tissues

39
Q

___ are the one class of biomolecules that does not include true polymers, and they
are generally not big enough to be considered as macromolecules.

A

Lipids

40
Q

why are lipids grouped together?

A

they mix poorly with water

41
Q

3 types of lipids:

A
  1. fats
  2. phospholipids
  3. steroids
42
Q

A fat is constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules:

A

glycerol and fatty acids

43
Q

___ is an alcohol; each of its three carbons bear a hydroxyl group.

A

glycerol

44
Q

A ___ has a long carbon skeleton, having a carbon at one end which is a part of the carboxyl group.

A

fatty acid

45
Q

Fatty acids are hydrophobic (away from water) due to the ____.

A

nonpolar C-H bonds

46
Q

In making a fat or triacylglycerol, ____ by an ester linkage, a bond between a hydroxyl group and carboxyl group.

A

three fatty acid molecules are each joined to glycerol

47
Q

The major function of fats is ____.

A

energy storage

48
Q

These are formed if there are no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton. They lack double bonds, and their flexibility allows the fat molecules to pack together tightly.

A

saturated FAs

49
Q

It has one or more double bonds , with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon. Its double bonds are cis which has kinks to prevent the molecules from packing together closely enough to solidify at room temperature.

A

unsaturated FA

50
Q

they are essential on making up the cell membranes

A

phospholipids

51
Q

A phospholipid is similar to a fat molecule but has only ___ fatty acids attached to glycerol rather than three.

A

two

52
Q

The two ends of phospholipids show
different behavior toward water. The hydrocarbon tails are ____ while its hydrophilic head has ___.

A

hydrophobic; an affinity for water

53
Q

When phospholipids are added to water, they self-assemble into double-layered structures called “___”, shielding their hydrophobic portions from water.

A

bilayers

54
Q

These are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings.

A

steroids

55
Q

____, a steroid, is a crucial molecule in animals since it is a component of animal cell membranes and is also the precursor from which other steroids are synthesized, such as the sex hormones.

A

cholesterol

56
Q

The simplest carbohydrates are the _____; these are the monomers from which more complex carbohydrates are constructed.

A

monosaccharides, or simple sugars

57
Q

____ are double sugars, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond.

A

disaccharides

58
Q

Carbohydrates also include
macromolecules called ____, polymers composed of many sugar building blocks.

A

polysaccharides

59
Q

____, the most common monosaccharide, is of central importance in the chemistry of life.

A

glucose (C6H12O6)

60
Q

Monosaccharides are classified by the ____. (2)

A
  1. location of the carbonyl group (C=O)
  2. the size of the carbon skeleton.
61
Q

___ consist of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction.

A

disaccharides

62
Q

___ are macromolecules, polymers with a few thousand monosaccharides joined by linkages.

A

polysaccharides

BIO107 Cell and Molecular (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions