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Biology > Topic 2 A > Flashcards

Topic 2 A Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of organisms?

A

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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2
Q

What cells are eukaryotic?

A

Animal, plant, algal and fungal cells

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3
Q

What cell does not have a cell membrane?

A

Animal cells

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4
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

Regulates movements of substances in and out of the cell, receptor proteins respond to chemical signals

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5
Q

What is the cell wall made out of in fungal cells?

A

Chitin

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6
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope which contains pores

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7
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

Controls the cells activities, makes ribosomes, contains instructions to make proteins

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8
Q

What is a mitochondria?

A

Oval shaped with a double membrane. Inner membrane folded (cristae). Matrix contains enzymes for respiration

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9
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration, produce ATP

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10
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

Flattened structure surrounded by a double membrane. Thylakoid membrane inside (form grana/granum which are linked by lamellae), stroma fluid inside the membrane

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11
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Where photosynthesis takes place

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12
Q

What is a golgi apparatus?

A

Flattened fluid filled membranes

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13
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

processes and packages lipids and proteins. Makes lysosomes

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14
Q

What is a golgi vesicle?

A

Fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm

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15
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

Stores proteins and lipids made by the apparatus and transports the out of the cell

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16
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Round organelle surrounded by a membrane

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17
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Contains hydrolytic enzymes which are used to digest invading cells or break down worn out components of a cell

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18
Q

What is a ribosome?

A

Small organelle which floats freely in the cytoplasm

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19
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

Site where proteins are made

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20
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Fluid filled membranes with ribosomes on the surface

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21
Q

What is the function of the rer?

A

Folds and processes proteins

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22
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Same as the rer but no ribosomes

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23
Q

What is the function of the ser?

A

Synthesis and processes lipids

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24
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Rigid structure

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25
What is the function of a cell wall?
Supports cell, preventing it from changing shape
26
What is a cell vacuole?
Membrane (tonoplast) bound organelle containing cell sap (sugar and salts),
27
What is the function of the vacuole?
Maintains pressure in cell and keeps it rigid, isolates unwanted chemicals in cell
28
What do cells do in multicellular organisms?
Specialise to perform a particular function
29
How are red blood cells specialised?
No nucleus and concave to provide a large surface area to carry more oxygen
30
What is the name of a group of specialised cells?
Tissues
31
What is the name of a group of tissues called?
Organs
32
What is a group of organs called?
An organ system
33
What is the structure of a prokaryotic cell?
Flagellum, cell wall, cell membrane, capsule, plasmids, freely floating DNA
34
How do prokaryotic cells replicate?
Binary fission
35
What is the process of binary fission?
Circular DNA and plasmids replicate (DNA once plasmids multiple times), cell gets bigger and DNA moves to opposite poles of the cell, cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced
36
What is the structure of a virus?
DNA or RNA, capsid, attachment proteins,
37
How do viral cells replicate?
Using a host cell
38
What is the process of viral replication?
Virus attaches to host cell via attachment proteins, releases the viral material into the cytoplasm of the host cell, host cell uses its machinery to replicate the genetic material and proteins, viral components are assembles, released from host cell
39
What is the resolution of a microscope?
How well the microscope distinguishes between two points that are close together, how detailed an image is
40
What is the difference between a light microscope and an electron microscope?
Optical microscopes have a lower resolution and magnification than electron microscopes
41
What are the two types of electron microscope?
Transmission electron microscopes and scanning electron microscopes
42
How does a TEM work?
uses electromagnets to focus a beam of electrons which is transmitted through the specimen
43
What happens to the denser parts of a specimen?
Absorb more electrons so appear darker
44
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a TEM?
+High resolution +show small object -Only used on thin and non-living specimens
45
How does an SEM work?
Scans a beam of electrons across the specimen, knocking of electrons which are gathered at the cathode to form an image
46
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a SEM?
+Used on thick specimens +Produce 3D images -low resolution -Only used on non-living specimens
47
How do you prepare a microscope slide?
Add a small drop of water to the slide, place specimen using tweezers on water drop, add stain, add cover slip
48
What is a microscope artefac?
Thing that you can see down a microscope that aren't part of the cell or specimen you are looking at
49
What are the three steps to cell fractionation?
Homogenisation, filtration and ultracentrifugation
50
What happens during homogenisation?
Breaking up the cells using a blender or vibrating the cells. Organelles are released into an ice cold, isotonic, buffer solution
51
Why is the solution ice cold, isotonic and buffer?
Ice cold- reduce activity of enzymes Isotonic- prevent damage to the organelles Buffer- maintain pH
52
What happens during filtration?
Large cell debris or tissue is separated from the organelles using gauze
53
What happens during ultracentrifugation?
Cell fragments are poured into a tube and placed in a centrifuge and are spun at a low speed. The heavier organelles such as nuclei will be flung to the bottom of the tube forming a pellet. The rest of the organelles stay suspended in fluid called supernatant. The supernatant is drained off into another tube and spun again at a higher speed it is then drained an placed into another tube. This process is repeated at higher speeds until the organelles are separated
54
What is the order of organelles being separated?
Nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomes, rer/ser and ribosomes
55
What is the order of the cell cycle?
Gap phase 1, synthesis, gap phase 2, mitosis
56
What happens during gap phase 1?
Cell grows, new organelles and proteins are made
57
What happens during synthesis?
DNA is replicated
58
What happens during gap phase 2?
Cell grows and proteins needed for division are made
59
What happens during prophase?
Chromosomes condense, centrioles move to opposite ends of cell, nuclear envelope breaks down
60
What happens during metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and become attached by spindle fibres at the centromere to the centrioles
61
What happens during anaphase?
The chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell as spindle fibres contract
62
What happens during telophase
Chromatids uncoil, nuclear envelope forms and cytokinesis occurs, two genetically identical daughter cells are produced
63
How do you calculate the length of time spent in a stage of mitosis?
(Number of cells in that stage/total number of cells) times length of cycle in minutes
64
How to calculate mitotic index?
number of cells with visible chromosomes/ total number of cells observed

Biology (20 decks)

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