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gcse chemistry > topic 2 bonding > Flashcards

topic 2 bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three states of matter

A

solid, liquid and gas

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2
Q

what is particle theory

A

a model where each particle is seen as a small, solid sphere(ball)

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3
Q

give 3 properties of solids

A
  • there are strong forces of attraction between the particles
  • the particles are held together in fixed positions to form a pattern
  • solids have a fixed shape and volume
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4
Q

give 3 properties of liquids

A
  • there are weak forces of attraction between the particles
  • randomly arranged and free to move past each other, but they stick closely together
  • have a fixed volume but dot keep a fixed shape
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5
Q

give 4 properties gases

A
  • the forces of attraction between the particles are very weak
  • the particles are free to move and are spread far apart
  • particles travel in straight lines
  • dont have a fixed shape or volume but will always fill containers
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6
Q

what does the sign “aq” mean

A

aqueous which means dissolved in water

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7
Q

a gas turning to a liquid is called

A

condensing

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8
Q

a liquid turning back into a solid is called

A

freezing

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9
Q

a solid turning into liquid is called

A

melting

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10
Q

a liquid turning into gas is called

A

boiling

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11
Q

the stronger the forces the more…

A

energy needed to break them and so the higher the melting and boiling points of the substance

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12
Q

if the temperature is below the melting point, whats its state

A

solid

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13
Q

if the temperature is above the boiling point, whats its state

A

gas

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14
Q

what are metals

A

giant structures of atoms, this means they contain lots of atoms bonded together

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15
Q

what happens to the electrons in the outer shell in metals

A

they are free to move around (delocalised)

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16
Q

between the positive metal ions and the negative electrons what kind of attraction is there

A

strong forces of electrostatic attraction

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17
Q

there are strong forces of attraction between the …

A

positive metal ions and the negative electrons these are known as metallic bonds

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18
Q

what does metallic bonding do

A

it holds the atoms together in a regular pattern

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19
Q

give 3 properties of metallic bonds

A
  • strong, so lots of energy needed to break them
  • have very high boiling and melting points
  • solids at room temp
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20
Q

what happens to the delocalised electrons in metals

A

they are free to move

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21
Q

metals are good conductors of …

A

heat and electricity

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22
Q

what happens to the layers in metals

A

they can slide over each other because of this metals can be bent or formed into different shapes

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23
Q

what is an alloy

A

a mixture of 2 or more metals or a metal and anther element

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24
Q

when you mix another element with a pure metal what happens to the layers

A

it causes the layers of the metal atoms to lose their shape because different elements have different sized atoms

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25
metals are good conductors of ...
heat and electricity
26
in a diamond each carbon atoms forms how many covalent bonds
4 covalent bonds- it makes diamond very hard
27
what type of melting point does diamond have
a high melting point as it takes a lot of energy to break the bonds
28
why does diamond not always conduct electricity
because it has no free electrons to move
29
graphite contains layers of what
carbon atoms arranged in hexagons
30
in graphite what does each carbon atom form
3 covalent bonds
31
why can the layers in graphite move over each other
because there are not any covalent bonds between the atoms, this makes graphite soft and slippery
32
what melting point does graphite have
a high melting point as lots of energy is needed to break the covalent bonds in the layers
33
in graphite what does each carbon atom have that is free to move
one free electron it is delocalised- so graphite conducts electricity and thermal energy
34
what is graphene
a sheet of carbon atoms joined together in hexagons- one layer of graphite
35
give 2 properties of Graphene
- its covalent bonds make it very strong - it is very light - conducts electricty
36
what can graphene be added to other materials to make what
to make composites
37
what are fullerenes
molecules of carbon shaped like closed tubes o hallow balls
38
what are fullerenes arranged in
mainly hexagons
39
what can fullerenes form rings of
5 carbon atoms or rings of 7 carbon atoms
40
what can fullerenes form
- drugs | - nanotubes- tiny carbon cylinders
41
what are small units in a polymer used to make
a large molecule
42
how are all the atoms in a polymers joined by
covalent bonds
43
what are the intermolecular forces like in polymers compared to them simple covalent molecules
larger- so more energy needed to break them
44
what are polymers at room temp
solids
45
what are intermolecular forces like in polymmers compared to ionic or covalent bonds
weaker- so have a lower melting and boiling point
46
give 3 examples of giant covalent structures
- diamond - graphite - graphene
47
in giant covalent bonds, how are all the atoms bonded together
by strong covalent bonds
48
give 2 things that are common about giant covalent structures
- they all have high melting points as lots of energy is needed to break them - they don't conduct electricity (except graphite)
49
what are simple molecular substances made out of
molecules that contain a few atoms joined together by covalent bonds
50
what are the forces of attraction like between the simple molecular substances
very weak
51
simple molecular substances have low ...
melting and boiling points
52
what are most simple molecular substances at room temp
liquids or gases
53
what is covalent bonding
when a non-metal and a metal atom bonds together and share a pair of electrons
54
what type of electrostatic forces do covalent bonds have
very strong
55
what are ionic compounds arranged in and what are they called
in patterns called giant ionic lattice
56
what are there between oppositely charged ions
strong electrostatic forces of attraction
57
give 3 properties of ionic compounds
-have high melting and boiling points -when solid they don't conduct electricity when melted, the ions are free to move and conduct electricity
58
what is ionic compounds
when a metal and a non-metal atom reacts together
59
when metal atoms lose an electron what ion do they form
positively charged ions
60
when non-metal atoms lose an electron what ion do they form
negatively charged ions
61
what are ions
charged particles
62
when are ions formed
when atoms lose or gain electrons
63
solid to a liquid is called
melting
64
liquid to a gas is called
boiling
65
gas to a liquid is called
condensing
66
liquid to a solid is called
freezing
67
in diamond each carbon atom is forms how many covalent bonds
4
68
why does diamond not conduct electricity
because it has no free electrons to move
69
how many covalent bonds does graphite form
3
70
what are fullerenes
molecules of carbon shaped like closed tubes or hallow balls
71
give the name of the first fullerene delivered
buckministerfullerene
72
how are fullerenes good
- they have a huge surface area, so they could help to make great industrial catalysts - they make great lubricants
73
how are fullerenes arranged
made of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons, pentagons and heptagons
74
how can fullerenes be used to deliver drugs
because it is used to CAGE other molecules. The fullerene structure forms around another atom or molecule, which is then trapped inside
75
solid to a liquid is called
melting
76
liquid to a gas is called
boiling
77
gas to a liquid is called
condensing
78
liquid to a solid is called
freezing
79
in diamond each carbon atom is forms how many covalent bonds
4
80
why does diamond not conduct electricity
because it has no free electrons to move
81
how many covalent bonds does graphite form
3
82
what are fullerenes
molecules of carbon shaped like closed tubes or hallow balls
83
give the name of the first fullerene delivered
buckministerfullerene
84
how are fullerenes good
- they have a huge surface area, so they could help to make great industrial catalysts - they make great lubricants
85
how are fullerenes arranged
made of carbon atoms arranged in hexagons, pentagons and heptagons
86
how can fullerenes be used to deliver drugs
because it is used to CAGE other molecules. The fullerene structure forms around another atom or molecule, which is then trapped inside
87
give 3 properties of metallic bonds
- strong, so lots of energy needed to break them - have very high boiling and melting points - solids at room temp
88
what happens to the delocalised electrons in metals
they are free to move
89
what happens to the layers in metals
they can slide over each other because of this metals can be bent or formed into different shapes
90
what is an alloy
a mixture of 2 or more metals or a metal and anther element
91
when you mix another element with a pure metal what happens to the layers
it causes the layers of the metal atoms to lose their shape because different elements have different sized atoms

gcse chemistry (15 decks)

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