Topic 2 - Bonding, Structure And Properties Of Matter Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
How is an ion formed?
A
When an atoms gains or loses electrons
2
Q
Why does the atom gain or lose electrons?
A
To have a stable, full outer shell
3
Q
Do metals form negative or positive ions?
A
Positive
4
Q
Do non-metals Male negative or positive ions?
A
Negative
5
Q
What is an ion’s charge if it has lost two electrons?
A
+2
6
Q
What is an ion’s charge if it has gained two electrons?
A
-2
7
Q
Which groups are most likely to form ions? (4)
A
1, 2, 6, 7
8
Q
What are positive ions also called?
A
Cations
9
Q
What are negative ions also called?
A
Anions
10
Q
What is similar about ions from the same group?
A
Same charge
11
Q
What elements bond in ionic bonding?
A
A metal and a non-metal
12
Q
What happens in ionic bonding?
A
Transfer of electrons
13
Q
What happens to the electrons in ionic bonding?
A
Metals will lose them, and those electrons go to the non-metals
14
Q
What is a dot and cross diagram?
A
When electrons are represented as either dots or crosses depending on which element they are so they can be kept track of
15
Q
What is the physical structure of an ionic compound?
A
Lattice
16
Q
Are the electrostatic forces in ionic compounds strong or weak?
A
Strong
17
Q
What are the melting and boiling points of all ionic compounds like and why?
A
High, because lots of energy is required to break the strong bonds
18
Q
Can solid ionic compounds conduct electricity?
A
No
19
Q
Can liquid ionic compounds conduct electricity?
A
Yes
20
Q
What do ionic compounds do in water?
A
Dissolve
21
Q
Can ionic compound and water solutions conduct electricity?
A
Yes
22
Q
Which elements bond covalently?
A
Non-metals
23
Q
What is covalent bonding?
A
When electrons are shared
24
Q
Are covalent bonds strong?
A
Very
25
Which electrons are shared?
Those in the outer shells
26
Why do atoms form covalent?
To have stable, full outer shells
27
What is the hydrogen molecule?
Two hydrogens forming a single covalent bond to get a full outer shell
28
What is the chlorine molecule?
Two chlorine’s forming a single covalent bond to get full outer shells
29
What is the oxygen molecule?
Two oxygens forming a double covalent bond to fill their outer shells
30
What is a nitrogen molecule?
Two nitrogens, forming a triple covalent bond to get full outer shells
31
What is a methane molecule?
One carbon and four hydrogen, forming four single covalent bond to achieve full outer shells
32
What is a water molecule?
One oxygen and two hydrogen, forming two single covalent bonds to have full outer shells
33
What is a hydrogen chloride molecule?
A hydrogen and a chlorine, forming a single covalent bond to get full outer shells
34
What are the forces of attraction like within a covalent bond?
Strong
35
What are the forces of attraction like between covalent molecules?
Weak
36
What are the melting and boiling points of covalent molecule compounds like and why?
Low, because it doesn’t take much to break the weak forces of attraction between the individual molecules
37
What state are covalent molecule compounds usually in at room temperature?
Liquid or gas
38
Do covalent molecule compounds conduct electricity?
No
39
What is a polymer?
A long chain of repeating molecules
40
What state are polymers usually in at room temperature and why?
Solid, because they have stronger bonds between molecules than the simple covalent molecules
41
What are macromolecules?
Giant covalent structures where all atoms are bonded to each other covalently
42
So macromolecules have high or low boiling and melting points and why?
High, because they have strong bonds that require lots of energy to break
43
What are the three main examples of macromolecules?
Diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide
44
What is an allotrope?
A different structural form of an element
45
What is diamond an allotrope of?
Carbon
46
How many bonds does each carbon atom make in diamond?
4
47
Does diamond have a high or a low melting point?
High
48
Can diamond conduct electricity?
No
49
What is graphite an allotrope of?
Carbon
50
How many bonds does each carbon atom form in graphite?
3
51
What is the structure of graphite?
Hexagonal layers of carbon
52
How are the layers held together?
Very weak bonds
53
Does graphite have a high or low melting point?
High
54
Can graphite conduct electricity?
Yes
55
Why can graphite conduct electricity?
Because each carbon atom has one delocalised electron
56
What is graphemes?
A single on of the layers of graphite
57
What is graphenes used for?
Strengthening composite materials without adding much weight
58
What are fullerenes?
Molecules of carbon that are shaped like tubes or hollow spheres
59
What shapes are the carbon atoms usually arranged in? (3)
Pentagons, hexagons, heptagons
60
What can fullerenes do to other molecules?
Cage or trap them
61
What can fullerenes be used for?
Administering drugs
62
What is metallic bonding?
When electrons on the outer shell of metal atoms become delocalised
63
What are the forces of attraction of metallic bonding like and why?
Strong, because the positive ions and delocalised electrons attract
64
Why are metals almost always solids at room temperature?
The strong bonds require lots of energy to break
65
Why can metals conduct heat and electricity so well?
Because of the delocalised electrons carrying the electrical current and thermal energy
66
Why are metals malleable?
Because the structure of metal is in layers which can slide across each other
67
What is an alloy?
A mixture of different metals
68
Why do we create alloys?
They are stronger than regular metals
69
Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?
Because the extra atoms disrupt the layers and prevent sliding
70
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid and gas
71
What are the forces of attraction within solids?
Strong
72
What is the structure of a solid?
Lattice
73
What do solids maintain?
Shape and volume
74
What happens when a solid becomes hotter?
Particles vibrate within their fixed position
75
What are the forces of attraction like within liquids?
Weak
76
What is the structure of a liquid?
Particles are free to move around but stick close together
77
What do liquids maintain?
Volume
78
What changes almost constantly in liquids?
Shape
79
What do liquid particles do normally?
Move randomly
80
What do liquid particles do when heated?
Move faster
81
What are the forces of attraction like within a gas?
Very weak
82
What is the structure of a gas?
There is none, particles move freely
83
How do gas particles travel?
In straight lines
84
What do gases not maintain?
Shape or volume
85
How do gas particles move?
Randomly and constantly
86
What happens when gas particles are heated?
They move faster
87
What do solids, liquids and gases all do when heated?
Expand
88
What are two disadvantages of the particle theory model?
Atoms aren’t actually solid spheres, and you can’t see the forces of attraction
89
What is the state symbol for a gas?
g
90
What is the state symbol for a solid?
s
91
What is the state symbol for a liquid?
l
92
What is the state symbol for aqueous?
aq
93
What does aqueous mean?
Dissolved in water
94
What happens when thermal energy is added and particles vibrate more?
Bonds become weaker, and the substance either melts or evaporates
95
What happens when thermal energy is lost and particles vibrate less?
More bonds begin to form between particles, so the substance condenses or freezes
96
What is the range for the diameter of a nanoparticle?
1-100 nm
97
What can nanoparticles be used for in chemical reactions?
Catalysts
98
What can nanoparticles be used for in medicine?
Administering drugs
99
What can nanoparticles be used for in computers?
In tiny electrical circuits for computer chips
100
What can silver nanoparticles be used for?
Antibacterial purposed: making surgical masks and wounds dressings, and also in deodorants
101
What can nanoparticles be used for in cosmetics?
Improving moisturisers
102
Why are people skeptical of nanoparticles?
The effects on the body aren’t yet fully understood
103
Why do people insist that nanoparticle products are clearly labelled?
So people can choose to use them in case they are skeptical
