Topic 2 Cardiovascular system - Parameter and figures

Question 1

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
1. Duration of PQ interval of ECG (HR = 75/min)

Answer 1

0.12 - 2s

Question 2

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
2. Duration of QRS Complex of ECG (HR = 75/min)

Answer 2

0.06 - 0.1 s

Question 3

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
3. Duration of P wave of ECG

Answer 3

< 0.11s

Question 4

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
4. Amplitude of ST-segment of ECG

Answer 4

1. Maximal change: 0.1 - 0.2 mV
   -> If elevated, this is the sign of myocardial infarction

Question 5

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
5. Amplitude of R and T waves of ECG in II.

Answer 5

R: 0.5 - 2 mV
T: < 0.5 mV

Question 6

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
6. Duration of cardiac cycle (HR=75/min)

Answer 6

0.8s

Question 7

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
7. Duration of systole (HR=75/min)

Answer 7

0.27s

Question 8

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
8. Duration of diastole (HR=75/min)

Answer 8

0.53s

Question 9

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
9. Duration of ventricular ejection

Answer 9

about 0.25s

Question 10

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
10. Duration of ventricular filling

Answer 10

About 0.38s

Question 11

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
11. Stroke volume

Answer 11

About 80 mL

Question 12

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
12. Systolic pressure in the aorta

Answer 12

120 mmHg

Question 13

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
13. Diastolic pressure in the aorta

Answer 13

80 mmHg

Question 14

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
14. Systolic pressure in the right ventricle

Answer 14

25 mmHg

Question 15

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
15. Diastolic pressure in the right ventricle

Answer 15

0 mmHg

Question 16

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
16. Systolic pressure in the left ventricle

Answer 16

120 mmHg

Question 17

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
17. Diastolic pressure in the left ventricle

Answer 17

4 mmHg

Question 18

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
18. Systolic pressure in the a. pulmonalis

Answer 18

24 mmHg

Question 19

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
19. Diastolic pressure in the a. pulmonalis

Answer 19

9 mmHg

Question 20

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
20. Definition and parameter of Central venous pressure

Answer 20

1. Def: Central venous pressure is the blood pressure in the venae cavae, near the right atrium of the heart.
2. Value: 0 - 2 mmHg

Question 21

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
21. Blood flow of kidney

Answer 21

1200 - 1300 ml/min (20 - 25% of CO)

Question 22

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
22. Blood flow of splanchic area

Answer 22

1500 ml/min (25% of CO)
AVDO2: 30 - 40 mL O2/ Blood

Question 23

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
23. Blood flow of brain

Answer 23

QB: 750 - 800 ml/min
AVDO2: 60 mL O2/ Blood

Question 24

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system
24. Blood flow of heart

Answer 24

Q: 200 - 240 mL/min (5% of CO)
AVDO2: 110 mL O2/ L blood

Question 25

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 25. Blood flow of skin

Answer 25

Comfort zone: 0.1 - 0.3 L/min Hot: 7L/min

Question 26

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 26. Blood flow of skeletal muscles

Answer 26

At rest: 4 - 5 mL/100 g/min Exercise: 50 - 100 mL/100g/min

Question 27

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 27. CSF volume

Answer 27

150 mL

Question 28

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 28. Protein concentration of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 28

0.03g/dL

Question 29

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 29. Hydrostatic pressure of capillaries in the arteriolar end and in the venular end

Answer 29

Arteriolar end: 35 mmHg Venular end: 12 mmHg

Question 30

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 30. Effective filtration pressure of capillaries in the arteriolar end and in the venular end

Answer 30

Arteriolar: 14 mmHg Venular end: -9 mmHg

Question 31

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 31. Oxygen consumption in 1 minute

Answer 31

250 mL

Question 32

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 32. AVDO2 in the systemic circulation

Answer 32

50 mL O2/ L blood

Question 33

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 33. AVDO2 in the kidney

Answer 33

15 mL O2/ L blood

Question 34

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 34. AVDO2 in the splanchnic area

Answer 34

30 -40mL /Lblood

Question 35

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 45. AVDO2 in the brain

Answer 35

60mL / L blood

Question 36

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 36. AVDO2 in the heart in resting condition and during physical exercise

Answer 36

110mL / L blood -> already maximum, so to increase O2 supply => increasing blood flow is the only way

Question 37

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 37. AVDO2 in the skin

Answer 37

20 -30mL / Lblood

Question 38

I. Parameters of Cardiovascular system 38. AVDO2 in the skeletal muscles in resting condition and during physical exercise

Answer 38

Resting : 60mL / Lblood Exercise : 150mL /L blood

Question 39

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 6. Action potential recorded from a cardiac ventricular cell. (Give values of both axes in case of the human resting heart!) Draw also transmembrane currents of Na+, Ca2+ and K+ ions below!

Answer 39

Question 40

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 7. Time-dependent changes in membrane potential and contraction force of a ventricular muscle fiber. (Give values of both axes in case of the human resting heart!)

Answer 40

Question 41

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 8. Time-dependent changes in membrane potential and transmembrane ionic currents of the sinoatrial nodal cell.

Answer 41

Question 42

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 9. Action potentials recorded from the cells in sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node and in Purkinje fibers. (Give values of both axes in case of the human resting heart!)

Answer 42

AV node, Purkinjie fibers also contain HCN (has intrinsic pacemaker activity) => They will take over activity when SA node is damaged

Question 43

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 10. Effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic mediators on the sinoatrial nodal action potential. Draw action potentials in control and in experimental conditions separately! Indicate the potential values!

Answer 43

Question 44

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 11. Draw Einthoven’s triangle and indicate Einthoven limb leads!

Answer 44

Question 45

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 12. Draw circuit diagram of unipolar limb leads!

Answer 45

Question 46

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 13. Draw circuit diagram of augmented unipolar limb leads!

Answer 46

Question 47

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 14. An example of normal ECG curve represented by lead II. Indicate atrioventricular transit time and QT interval and give their values for a resting human heart!

Answer 47

Question 48

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 15. An example of normal ECG curves with a normal electrical main axis represented by the 3 bipolar limb leads. (Give values of time axis in case of the human resting heart!)

Answer 48

Question 49

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 16. Draw action potentials recorded from the cells of sinoatrial node and ventricular muscle fiber and also draw the ECG curve (lead II) in the same time scale! Give values for the time axis!

Answer 49

Question 50

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 17. Construct main electrical axis of the heart with Einthoven’s triangle!

Answer 50

Question 51

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 18. Draw left atrial, aortic, left ventricular pressure and ECG curves for a cardiac cycle! Give values of both axes!

Answer 51

Question 52

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 19. Draw ECG curves (lead II), the pulmonary arterial pressure and right ventricular pressure curves for a cardiac cycle in the same time scale! Give values of both axes!

Answer 52

Question 53

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 20. Draw ECG curves (lead II) and changes in left ventricular volume for a cardiac cycle in the same time scale! Give values of both axes (human values)! Indicate 1st and the 2nd heart sounds!

Answer 53

Question 54

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 21. Draw diagram of left ventricular pressure versus left ventricular volume (pressure-volume loop) for a single cardiac cycle during resting condition and also during an increased preload! Give values of both axes (human values)!

Answer 54

Question 55

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 22. Draw diagram of left ventricular pressure versus left ventricular volume (pressure-volume loop) for a single cardiac cycle during resting condition and also during an increased afterload! Give values of both axes (human values)!

Answer 55

Question 56

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 23. Draw phasic changes of left coronary blood flow and aortic pressure in the same time scale! Give values of pressure and time axes in case of thee resting human heart!

Answer 56

Question 57

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 24. Changes in intravascular pressure throughout the systemic circulation. Give pressure values on the Y axis!

Answer 57

Question 58

II. Figures for Cardiovascular Physiology 25. Changes in cerebral blood flow in relation with arterial blood pressure. Give values of both axes!

Answer 58