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BIOL1412 > Topic 2 Cell Physiology > Flashcards

Topic 2 Cell Physiology Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What are some types of extracellular molecules that receptor proteins can bind?

A

Hormones, neurotransmitters

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2
Q

Ligand

A

Molecules that bind to a receiving proteins

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3
Q

Describe the steps of glucose uptake in terms of receptor proteins

A

1- insulin binds to receptor on skel.muscle or adipose tissue
2- triggers movement of more glucose transporters to cell membrane
3-increase in glucose movement from blood into cells

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4
Q

Membrane proteins: enzymes

A

Control chemical reactions on outer or inner surface

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5
Q

What are 2 enzymes

A

1-acetylcholinesterase- breaks down Ach
2-Na+/K+-ATPase

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6
Q

Membrane proteins: Linker proteins

A

Anchor cell membrane to cytoskeleton or an adjacent cell

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7
Q

What do junctional proteins between cells form?

A

Desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions

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8
Q

How do linker proteins anchor in the ECF?

A

Through extra cellular fibres that are usually glycoproteins

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9
Q

Membrane proteins: identifying proteins

A

Example: Major Histocompatibility Complex proteins identify cell as part of the body and foreign. They’re present in all cells except rbcs

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10
Q

Membrane carbohydrates function

A

Allow cells to recognize type- sperm recognizes egg

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11
Q

Membrane carbohydrates are

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

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12
Q

Transport proteins includes

A

Channels and carrier proteins

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13
Q

Channels

A

Selectively permit channel-mediated facilitated diffusion of specific ions

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14
Q

Gated channels open and close how?

A

In response to stimuli

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15
Q

Non-gated channels are also called what?

A

Leakage channels

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16
Q

Carrier protein function

A

Bind solute and carry it across membrane

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17
Q

What type of transport happens with carrier proteins

A

Active transport and facilitated transport

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18
Q

What’s an example of a carrier protein

A

Glucose transporters

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19
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Continuous layer across membrane that is a barrier to water soluble molecules and not to small or lipid soluble molecules

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20
Q

Membrane transport is?

A

The movement of material between the intra and extracellular fluid

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21
Q

Solute

A

Substance dissolved in a solution

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22
Q

Solvent

A

Substance solute is dissolved in-> water

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23
Q

What are the types of transport

A

Passive transport and Active transport

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24
Q

Does passive transport require energy?

A

No it doesn’t require ATP

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25
Passive transport moves down its concentration gradient, in other terms?
It moves from high to low concentration
26
What are the types of Passive transport
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, facilitated transport and Osmosis
27
Which type of passive transport involves the movement of a solvent?
Osmosis
28
Simple diffusion
Small lipid soluble (O2 and CO2) molecules cross through cell membrane bilayer
29
Facilitated diffusion
Ions diffuse through membrane through protein channels
30
Facilitated transport
Large charged or water soluble molecules move across membrane with the help of carrier proteins
31
What’s an example of facilitated transport
Glucose uptake into liver or skeletal muscle cells
32
Osmosis
Movement of H2O across a semipermeable membrane
33
In osmosis, water move where?
Down its concentration gradient via pores or directly across the membrane layer
34
Dilute solution
High H2O and low solute
35
Concentrated solution
Low H2O and high solute
36
Osmotic pressure
Pressure that must be applied to prevent movement of H2O from pure H2O solution across a semipermeable into another solution
37
If S2 has high salt concentration then H2O will move into it why?
Because s2 has low H2O concentration and H2O moves from high concentration low concentration
38
The greater the salt in a solution the greater the osmotic pressure that is?
Required to stop the water in S1 from moving into S2
39
What happens when S2 is also pure water
No P required to prevent H2O movement so OP=0
40
Tonicity depends on
Solute concentration and permeability of cell membrane to the solute
41
Isotonic solution
Cell neither swells no shrinks
42
In a red blood cell what is the solute concentration in ICF
0.9% saline NACL solution
43
Hypotonic solution
Cell swells and ECF has higher H2O concentration (so lower OP) than ICF.
44
Lysis
Swelling of cell in a hypotonic solution causes rupture
45
Hemolysis
Lysis of a red blood cell
46
Hypertopic solution
Cell shrinks due to H2O loss
47
Why does cell shrink in a hypertonic solution
Because if the ECF has lower H2O concentration and the ICF has higher water will move from high to low concentration
48
When is hypertonic solution used in medicine
To reduce brain edema (swelling) by injecting 10% sucrose solution will draw water into blood from tissues
49
What are the major body fluids ?
1. Extracellular fluids such as blood plasma 2.Interstitial fluid 3.Intracellular fluid
50
Give an example of how osmosis regulates the concentration of a solute in our body in order to maintain body fluids within a narrow limit to prevent cells from dying?
When body loses water (such as sweat) the blood concentration will increase. Blood has higher OP cause blood is also a solute so when solute increases so does OP. Fluid will move from tissue into blood. The response will be thirst and a decrease in renal H2O which leads to decreased urine production.
51
What is bulk flow?
Movement of solvent + solutes due to hydrostatic pressure gradient
52
What is hydrostatic pressure?
P of a fluid pressing against surface e.g. cell membrane, blood vessel wall (=blood pressure)
53
Give an example of hydrostatic pressure in the body
e.g: capillary -> if blood has higher pressure than ISF, fluid flows out of capillary= filtration -> if ISF has higher pressure than blood, fluid flows from ISF into capillary = absorption
54
What are the active processes?
Active transport and vesicular transport
55
What’s active transport
Substances move against concentration gradient (low to high) and it is always protein carrier-mediated
56
What are the types of active transport
1-primary active transport 2-secondary active transport
57
Primary active transport
They are molecular pumps, ATP breakdown is a direct part of the transport process So one protein breaks down ATP and also transports the solute
58
What’s an example of primary active transport
Na+/K+-ATPase that pumps 3Na+ out of the cell and 2K+ in per ATP
59
Secondary active transport
Co transport- meaning 2 proteins are involved and the use of ATP for the transport is indirect
60
Example of secondary active transport
Glucose entry at small intestine- two steps 1- Na+ gradient established by Na+/K+-ATPase 2- glucose & Na+ both must bind to carrier and are cotransported into cell
61
Vesicular transport
Substance is surround by a membrane within the cell (vesicle)
62
Types of vesicular transport
1- endocytosis movement into a cell 2-exocytosis movement out of cell
63
Phagocytosis
Large items into cell ( bacteria ) = cell eating
64
Pinocytosis
Fluids and dissolved substances = cell drinking
65
Exocytosis
Vesicles containing hormone, enzymes, nt They tissue with cell membrane releasing contents into ECF- triggered by a rise of cytosolic Ca++

BIOL1412 (1 decks)

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