Topic 2: Cells and Control

Question 1

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 1

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

Question 2

What happens during interphase?

Answer 2

Cell grows, DNA is replicated, and prepares for mitosis

Question 3

What happens during mitosis?

Answer 3

Nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei

Question 4

What happens during cytokinesis?

Answer 4

Cytoplasm divides, forming two separate cells

Question 5

What is mitosis?

Answer 5

A type of cell division producing two identical daughter cells

Question 6

What is growth in animals?

Answer 6

Cell division and differentiation

Question 7

What is growth in plants?

Answer 7

Cell division, differentiation, and cell enlargement

Question 8

What is diploid?

Answer 8

Cells with two sets of chromosomes (46 in humans)

Question 9

What is haploid?

Answer 9

Cells with one set of chromosomes (23 in humans)

Question 10

What is a tumour?

Answer 10

A mass of abnormal cells

Question 11

What causes tumours?

Answer 11

Uncontrolled cell division

Question 12

What is a benign tumour?

Answer 12

Non-cancerous, grows slowly and does not spread

Question 13

What is a malignant tumour?

Answer 13

Cancerous, grows quickly and can spread (metastasize)

Question 14

How is growth monitored using percentile charts?

Answer 14

By comparing measurements to population percentiles to identify abnormalities

Question 15

What are stem cells in animals?

Answer 15

Undifferentiated cells that can divide and differentiate (e.g., embryonic stem cells)

Question 16

What are stem cells in plants?

Answer 16

Found in meristems; undifferentiated cells that can divide and differentiate

Question 17

What are embryonic stem cells?

Answer 17

Stem cells from early embryos that can become any cell type

Question 18

What are meristems?

Answer 18

Regions in plants where stem cells divide for growth

Question 19

Uses of stem cells in medicine?

Answer 19

Treat diseases, repair damaged tissues

Question 20

Cons of stem cell use?

Answer 20

Ethical issues, risk of rejection, potential for uncontrolled growth

Question 21

What is the function of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 21

Controls intelligence, memory, consciousness, language, and vision

Question 22

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 22

Controls balance, coordination, and muscle movement

Question 23

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 23

Controls unconscious activities like heartbeat and breathing

Question 24

What does a CT scan show?

Answer 24

Detailed images of brain structure

Question 25

What does a PET scan show?

Answer 25

Shows brain function by detecting active areas

Question 26

Why is treatment of brain damage difficult?

Answer 26

Limited access, nervous tissue does not repair well, treatments may cause further damage

Question 27

What is the role of neurones?

Answer 27

Transmit electrical impulses around the body

Question 28

What are the three types of neurones?

Answer 28

Sensory neurones, relay neurones, motor neurones

Question 29

What is the function of a sensory neurone?

Answer 29

Carry impulses from receptors to CNS

Question 30

What is the function of a relay neurone?

Answer 30

Connect sensory and motor neurones within CNS

Question 31

What is the function of a motor neurone?

Answer 31

Carry impulses from CNS to effectors

Question 32

What is the function of dendrites?

Answer 32

Receive impulses from other neurones

Question 33

What is the function of a dendron?

Answer 33

Carries impulses from receptor to cell body (sensory neurones)

Question 34

What is the function of an axon?

Answer 34

Carries impulses away from the cell body

Question 35

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

Answer 35

Insulates axon to speed up impulse transmission

Question 36

What is a synapse?

Answer 36

Gap between neurones where chemical transmission occurs

Question 37

What is the function of synapses?

Answer 37

Transmit electrical impulses using chemicals (neurotransmitters)

Question 38

What are the benefits of synapses?

Answer 38

Allow one-way transmission, control impulse direction, enable complex processing and learning

Question 39

What is the reflex arc?

Answer 39

Automatic response pathway bypassing brain, involving sensory, relay, and motor neurones

Question 40

What are the parts of the eye?

Answer 40

Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Retina, Optic Nerve

Question 41

What is the function of the cornea?

Answer 41

Refracts light into the eye

Question 42

What is the function of the iris?

Answer 42

Controls size of pupil and amount of light entering

Question 43

What is the function of the pupil?

Answer 43

Allows light to enter the eye

Question 44

What is the function of the lens?

Answer 44

Focuses light onto the retina

Question 45

What is the function of the retina?

Answer 45

Contains photoreceptor cells that detect light

Question 46

What is the function of the optic nerve?

Answer 46

Transmits impulses from retina to brain

Question 47

What is long-sightedness?

Answer 47

Unable to focus on near objects; corrected with convex lenses

Question 48

What is short-sightedness?

Answer 48

Unable to focus on distant objects; corrected with concave lenses

Question 49

How does focusing occur?

Answer 49

Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments change lens shape to focus light

Question 50

How do ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments work together?

Answer 50

When ciliary muscles contract, suspensory ligaments relax; when ciliary muscles relax, suspensory ligaments contract