TOPIC 2: COMMON NEONATAL PROBS

Question 1

A blood disorder that occurs when the foal’s immune system attacks its own red blood cells.

Answer 1

Neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI)

Question 2

Foals are prone to infections of the __, which can cause swelling, redness, and discharge.

Answer 2

umbilical stump

Question 3

Foals can develop __ due to various causes, such as infection, poor diet, or stress.

Answer 3

diarrhea

Question 4

Foals can develop respiratory infections, such as __, due to bacteria, viruses, or other agents.

Answer 4

pneumonia

Question 5

A condition that affects the joints of young foals, causing pain, swelling, and stiffness.

Answer 5

joint ill

Question 6

Some foals may be born with heart defects, limb abnormalities, or developmental problems

Answer 6

congenital defects

Question 7

Foals may be born weak, which can be due to various causes, including poor nutrition, disease, or genetics

Answer 7

weak foal syndrome

Question 8

A common digestive problem in horses of all ages, including foals, that can cause abdominal pain, bloating, and other symptoms.

Answer 8

colic

Question 9

a condition where the foal has neurologic problems at birth which prevents it from suckling properly

Answer 9

Neonatal maladjustment syndrome

Question 10

diseases on neonates usually starts with __

Answer 10

depression

Question 11

PROTOCOLS IN DEALING WITH DEPRESSED FOAL

Answer 11

A- airway
B- breathing
c- cardiac funxn
d- drugs

Question 12

foals are administered 100% O2 during emergency T/F

Answer 12

f. room air

Question 13

drugs such _____ to increase inotropic effect, thus increasing cardiac contractility

Answer 13

epinephrine, dopamine, atropine, lidocaine

Question 14

Respiratory stimulant drugs

Answer 14

caffeine

in google: progesterone, theophylline, protriptyline, and buspirone,

Question 15

Many neonatal problems originate in utero
T/F

Answer 15

true

Question 16

primary stimulant for initiation of parturition

Answer 16

cortisol

Question 17

what is the normal vulval conformation?

Answer 17

vertical

Question 18

mares with this dz has upper part of vulva tilted

Answer 18

pneumovagina

Question 19

what is APGAR scoring?

Answer 19

Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Nasal
Attitude
Respiration

Question 20

a foal is considered premature if it is delivered ___ days

Answer 20

<320

Question 21

term when foaling is at a correct date, but foal is not fully developed

Answer 21

dysmature

Question 22

Causes of early delivery

Answer 22

Placenta infected or not functioning properly
Foal: congenital defects
Stress (colic surgery)
Fescue poisoning (Dysmature)

Question 23

fungus infecting the grass that causes abortion

Answer 23

Acremonium coenophialum

Question 24

placenta should not be more than __% of the weight of the foal

Answer 24

20

Question 25

foals need to consume colostrum within __ mins after birth and then _ hrs after

Answer 25

30 12

Question 26

can degrade Abs to amino acids which will eventually reform while inside the body

Answer 26

Enterocytes of mature horse

Question 27

appear healthy when they are born, but shortly thereafter exhibit neurological abnormalities.

Answer 27

neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS) “Dummy foal”

Question 28

IV Fluids should be ___ (to prevent causing any metabolic problems; replace lost electrolytes)

Answer 28

isotonic

Question 29

T/F Broad spectrum antibiotics given until the causative agent is identified

Answer 29

true

Question 30

drug which is nephrotoxic → monitor kidney function

Answer 30

neomycin

Question 31

other name for dummy foal syndrome

Answer 31

Neonatal Maladjustment Syndrome (NMS) Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE) Neonatal encephalopathy

Question 32

called wanderers or barker

Answer 32

NMS

Question 33

why do foals with NMS have altered mental state

Answer 33

due to hypoxia during foaling

Question 34

Immediately (~30 mins) after birth, the foal should stand up and search for the dam’s udder normal or abnormal

Answer 34

normal

Question 35

NMS is temporary in most cases and 70% could recover without extensive medical care T/F

Answer 35

true

Question 36

secreted by the foal's brain, a neurosteroid which sedate the unborn foal

Answer 36

allopregnalonone

Question 37

the biochemical “wake-up switch” that stops sedative neurosteroid production (normal condition)

Answer 37

Physical pressure lasting for 20-40 minutes during birthing process

Question 38

NMS seen more in CS and __

Answer 38

very rapid deliveries

Question 39

pathognomonic to NMS

Answer 39

loss of suckling reflex

Question 40

Prevents free radicals → prevents further brain damage or brain swelling or trauma in foals

Answer 40

Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO)