Topic 2 Development Dynamics Flashcards
(32 cards)
What is meant by a countries GDP per capita ?
GDP per capita is Gross Domestic Product per head of the population- it’s the total value of goods and services that a country produces in a year, divided by the population.
Give an example of an index used for measuring levels of political corruption ?
Corruption Perception Index (CDI)
How is development defined in economic terms ? What about in social terms ?
In economic terms, development means progress in how wealthy a country is, whereas in social terms, development means an improvement in people’s standard of living.
What is the human development index (HDI) ?
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a measure of development.IT combines income, life expectancy and education level to give a score between 0 and 1.
What is maternal mortality rate ?
How is it affected by development ?
Maternal mortality rate is the number of women who die due to problems related to pregnancy per hundred thousand live births. It usually decreases as a country develops, as pregnant women have access to better healthcare and nutrition.
Give two examples of environmental factors that negatively affect development ?
Poor climate and steep topography- they both prevent a country from producing enough food, and steep topography also makes it difficult to develop infrastructure.
What is meant by neo-colonialism ?
Neo-colonialism is used to describe how, after colonies gained their independence, richer countries have continued to control them indirectly, e.g. by offering conditional loans.
How can a country’s relations with other countries affect its level of development ?
Countries with good international relations are more likely to get good trade agreements and loans from international organisations, both of which can help them to develop.
Explain a social cause of uneven development ?
In some poorer countries, lack of clean water and poor health care mean that many people suffer from diseases such as malaria and cholera. People who are ill and can’t work, so they’re not contributing to the economy, meaning there’s less money for development.
How can an authoritarian government affect a country’s development ?
Countries that were colonised are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they hadn’t been colonised. Colonising countries are better off, having made profits by removing colonies’ raw materials. Overcoming this inequality can take many decades, and is held back by neo-colonialism.
True or false? Wealth is fairly evenly distributed across all countries in the world.
False, it’s very uneven- just a few rich countries own most of the world’s wealth.
Suggest one way that global inequality could cause life expectancy to be lower in developing countries than in developed countries.
People in developing countries are at higher risk for many diseases than people in developed countries, because they have poorer access to healthcare. This leads to lower life expectancies in developing countries.
What impact does global inequality have on education?
Devloping countries tend to have a poorer standard of education, as they can’t afford to invest as much in education as richer countries. They might also have lower levels of education attainment, as poorer people may not be abke to afford school fees, or children may have to work to support their families instead of attending school.
Put these stages of Rostow’s modernisation theory in the right order:
a) Drive to maturity
b) Take-off
c) Mass consumption
b,a,c
The last three stages of Rostow’s model are:
“Take off”, “drive to maturity” and “Mass consumption”
Name the other two stages from Rostow’s theory.
The first two stages are “traditional society” and “preconditions for take-off”.
At which stage of Rostow’s theory would you expect to find an economy based on secondary industry (manufacturing)?
You’d expect to fund an economy based on secondary industry in the “take-off” stage- it’s when the country is undergoing rapid growth and large- scale industrialisation.
Describe what happens in the “Drive to maturity” stage of Rostow’s theory.
During the “drive to maturity” stage, the economy grows, so people get wealthier. Standards of living rise and there’s widespread use of technology.
What is a TNC?
A TNC is a transnational corporation- a company that produces products, sells products or is located (or all three) in more than one country.
What is meant by globalisation?
Globalisation is the process of all the world’s cultures and its political and economic systems becoming more integrated- mixing and interacting with each other more.
Give two reasons why globalisation is increasing?
Improvements in ICT have made it quicker and easier for business all over the world to communicate with each other. Improvements in transport have made it easier for companies to get supplies and to distribute their products all over the world.
Suggest two ways governments can promote globalisation?
Governments can increase globalisation by promoting free trade, e.g. reducing tariffs, making it easier to move goods, money and services between countries. Governments compete with each other to attract investment from TNC’s, e.g. by offering tax breaks.
Name two types of organisation that are associated with top down development.
Inter-governmental organisations (IGO’s) and transnational corporations (TNC’s), as well as governments, usually have a top-down approach to development.
Give an example of intermediate technology that could increase development.
Wells, sand dams or solar-powered LED lightbulbs- you could give an exmaple of any technology that is simple to use, sffordable to buy or build, and cheap to maintain.
Explain how top-down and bottom-up devlopment strategies usually differ in terms of their scale and use of technology.
Top-down projects tend to be large-scale, high tech and energy intensive, using machinery operated by skilled workers from developed countries. Bottom-up approaches tend to be much smaller-scale and are based on intermediate technology using local materials.
