Topic 2 exam 1

Question 1

What are the two types of cells found in eukaryotic organisms?

Answer 1

Somatic cells and gametes (sperm & egg)

Question 2

What are chromosomes?

Answer 2

DNA + Protein & Chromatin

Question 3

When are chromosomes visible?

Answer 3

cell division

Question 4

Where are chromosomes found?

Answer 4

nucleus

Question 5

What are the two types of chromosomes?

Answer 5

?

Question 6

What are homologous pairs?

Answer 6

2 chromosomes that look the same because they carry a gene for the same trait

Question 7

What is DNA

Answer 7

deoxiribinucleaicacid

Question 8

What are the functions of DNA?

Answer 8

Copies itself, makes proteins and directs development

Question 9

What is the structure and composition of DNA?

Answer 9

• double stranded helix
• The legs of the ladder alternate sugar and phosphate molecules
• Rungs paired nitrogen bases linked by a weak hydrogen bond

Question 10

What the hell are nucleotides?

Answer 10

Each unit of sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base

Question 11

Haploid

Answer 11

Number of homologous pairs (gametes)

Question 12

Diploid

Answer 12

full number of chromosomes (somatic cell)

Question 13

what are the bases?

Answer 13

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine

Question 14

Whats a codon

Answer 14

specifies an amino acid

Question 15

How does RNA differ from DNA?

Answer 15

Sugar is ribose, the base uracil is substituted for thymine and it is single stranded

Question 16

What are proteins?

Answer 16

Composed of amino acids also called polypeptide chains

Question 17

What are amino acids?

Answer 17

organic compound

Question 18

What is a polypeptide chain?

Answer 18

It is a chain of amino acids which is the DNA “codes for” proteins (proteins)

Question 19

What is the genetic code?

Answer 19

Universal, redundant (repetitive)

Question 20

How does protein synthesis work?

Answer 20

1. Transcription ( same message diff format) DNA to mRNA in nucleus
2. Translation (completely changing it) mRNA to protein in sytoplasm

Question 21

Protein synthesis- Transcription

Answer 21

occurs in the nucleus
make mRNA from DNA
mRNA free flowing

Question 22

Protein Synthesis- Translation

Answer 22

• occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes
• makes protein from mRNA
• at ribosome mRNA codons are translated into an amino acid
• ends when a stop codon is reached

Question 23

What is mitosis?

Answer 23

Somatic cell division in which a single cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells (2 diploid daughter cells)

Question 24

What is meiosis?

Answer 24

Cell division that occurs in the testes and ovaries that leads to the formation of sperm and gametes (4 haploid daughter cells)

Question 25

Mitosis= Interphase

Answer 25

DNA replication

Question 26

Mitosis Prophase

Answer 26

chromosome form spindle fibers form centrioles go to poles membrane disappears

Question 27

Mitosis= metaphase

Answer 27

alignment of center

Question 28

Mitosis= anaphase

Answer 28

chromatids split

Question 29

Mitosis= telophase

Answer 29

cell divides

Question 30

What is the most important phase in Meiosis?

Answer 30

prophase

Question 31

Meiosis 1

Answer 31

homologous chromatids divide

Question 32

Meiosis 2

Answer 32

sister chromatids divide

Question 33

How is meiosis and mitosis different?

Answer 33

Meiosis has two rounds of genetic separation and cell division while mitosis has only one of each, Mitosis daughter cells are identical and in Meiosis daughter cells not genetically identical

Question 34

how does recombination occur in Meiosis

Answer 34

Random arrangement during metaphase 1 | crossing over during prophase 1

Question 35

How does meiosis differ with males and females?

Answer 35

Males: Sperm antogenesis, testes, continous, 4 sperm cells 22 autosomes Females: oogenesis, ovaries, monthly, 1 large ovum (egg) and 3 "polar bodies", 22 autosomes

Question 36

how many chromosomes do humans have?

Answer 36

46

Question 37

What is nondisjuntion

Answer 37

Miscarriage, when the chromatids fail to separate properly during cell division. May have extra gametes or missing ones

Question 38

What is a zygote?

Answer 38

a fertilized egg

Question 39

What do diploid and haploid refer to?

Answer 39

number of chromosomes