TOPIC 2: HEMOGLOBIN METABOLISM AND OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE

Question 1

Main cytoplasmic component of a mature RBC
● Conjugated CHON that gives red color to the RBC

Answer 1

HEMOGLOBIN

Question 2

________mL of OXYGEN
_________ of IRON (Ferrous state)

Answer 2

○ 1.34 mL of OXYGEN
○ 3.47 mg of IRON (Ferrous state)

Question 3

Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the ______ going to
the ________and from the tissues–it will take up
carbon dioxide, bringing it to the lungs for exhalation.

Answer 3

lungs- tissues

Question 4

In the tissues, what should be present for hemoglobin to
unload oxygen?

Answer 4

2,3-BPG

Question 5

The ____________is made up of amino acids
● The __________is a protein molecule; it is made up of
different amino acids

Answer 5

globin

Question 6

● The Heme group is bound to the ________ and _______ helicase.

Answer 6

E and F helicase

Question 7

Hemoglobin Molecule Illustrating Tertiary Folding of the Four
Polypeptide Chains.
● _____ globin chains are seen.

Answer 7

4 globins are seen

Question 8

________ hemoglobin molecule = can bind to ____________ of
oxygen

Answer 8

1 hemoglobin
4 molecules

Question 9

➔ Conformity: __________

Answer 9

Helical

Question 10

A1B2 and A2B1 bonds are located between the ________

Answer 10

dimers

Question 11

a1b1 bonds in the ________

Answer 11

front

Question 12

a2b2 bonds in the _______

Answer 12

behind

Question 13

● Globin chains ________ to form a cleft pocket for heme.

Answer 13

loop to form a cleft pocket

Question 14

What can you observe regarding the conformity of the globin
chain?

● It has a space in the ________
● The space in the _________of the globin chain is where
the heme group is located
● When globin _______, it forms a pocket

Answer 14

center -middle
coils

Question 15

Why do cleft pockets form? Why is it not flat?

● So that it will not lead to ___________
The pocket cleft is there for a reason– it is for iron
to help retain itin a ____________

Answer 15

oxidation
Ferrous state

Question 16

Each globin chain contains a _______ group.

Answer 16

heme

Question 17

● The binding of oxygen to heme unit is ______________.

Answer 17

reversible

Question 18

➔ The interaction of FERROUS iron to the oxygen is a ____________

Answer 18

Weak reaction

Question 19

➔ This is opposite for FERRIC iron, since ferric iron has a
__________ interaction with oxygen

Answer 19

VERY STRONG

Question 20

TRUE OR FALSE?

Ferric iron does is readily release oxygen

Answer 20

FALSE because NOT readily release oxygen

Question 21

● In the _______, the hemoglobin carries oxygen
● Going to the ________, it release oxygen
● When it goes backs to the _______, it carries oxygen

Answer 21

lungs
tissues
lungs

Question 22

Heme is also known as ________________

Answer 22

FERROPROTOPORPHYRIN IX

Question 23

TRUE OR FALSE?

Globin, in an adult, the majority of globin chains in an
adult are ZETA AND GAMMA

Answer 23

FALSE - It should be ALPHA AND BETA

Question 24

➔ Renders blood RED
➔ Made up of PROTOPORPHYRIN IX and IRON
➔ 1 heme molecule = 1 oxygen molecule

Answer 24

Heme

Question 25

➔ 4 globins in 1 hemoglobin molecule ➔ Differs in polypeptide chains ➔ Adult: a and B

Answer 25

Globin

Question 26

Alpha and Zeta are product of chromosome ________ and ______ number of amino acids

Answer 26

Chromosome 16 and 141 amino acids

Question 27

Beta, delta, gamma, epsilon are product of chromosome _______

Answer 27

Chromosome 11

Question 28

Epsilon and theta have ________ number of amino acid

Answer 28

Unknown

Question 29

What are the hemoglobin Present in Mesoblastic phase

Answer 29

Gower 1, Gower 2, Portland

Question 30

Hepatic phase have hemoglobin present of ______

Answer 30

hemoglobin F

Question 31

Birth (Phase) have hemoglobin present of ______ and ______

Answer 31

Hemoglobin F and A

Question 32

Adulthood have hemoglobin present of ________, _______, _______

Answer 32

hemoglobin A1, A2, F

Question 33

HEME SYNTHESIS is located in the _________ and _______

Answer 33

Mitochondria and cytoplasm

Question 34

Hemoglobin Present - (Example: Alpha + beta) Embryonic Gower 1 - __________ Gower 2 -___________ Portland - ___________ Hepatic Phase Hemoglobin F - _________ Birth Hemoglobin F - _________ Hemoglobin A - __________ Adulthood Hemoglobin A1 - ___________ Hemoglobin A2 - __________ Hemoglobin F - ____________

Answer 34

Embryonic 1. alpha + epsilon 2. zeta + epsilon 3. zeta + gamma Hepatic phase 1. alpha + gamma Birth 1. alpha + gamma 2. Alpha + beta Adulthood 1. Alpha + beta 2. alpha + delta 3. alpha + gamma

Question 35

In the mitochondria, there will be an interaction between glycine and Succinyl CoA by way of _______________

Answer 35

CONDENSATION

Question 36

______________, also known as pyridoxine, or pyridoxal phosphate

Answer 36

Vitamin B6

Question 37

Amino-leuvlinic acid will get out of the mitochondria and go to the cytoplasm, when it goes to the cytoplasm it will meet with ALA dehydratase and ALA will be converted into ______________

Answer 37

PORPHOBILINOGEN

Question 38

Still in the cytoplasm, the porphobilinogen will be acted upon by Porphobilinogen deaminase becoming _____________________

Answer 38

HYDROXYMETHYLBILANE

Question 39

The condensation of succinyl CoA will form ____________

Answer 39

(Amino-levulinic acid)

Question 40

Hydroxymethylbilane will be acted upon by uroporphyrinogen III synthase forming ________________

Answer 40

Uroporphyrinogen III

Question 41

Uroporphyrinogen III will be acted upon by Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase forming ______________

Answer 41

Coproporphyrinogen III

Question 42

The coproporphyrinogen III will go back to the ____________, it will be acted upon by coproporphyrinogen oxidase

Answer 42

MITOCHONDRIA

Question 43

Inside the mitochondria, the coproporphyrinogen III will become _________________

Answer 43

Protoporhyrinogen IX

Question 44

Protoporphyrinogen IX will be acted upon by protoporphyrinogen oxidase into ______________

Answer 44

Protoporphyrin IX

Question 45

it needs Iron where the enzyme ___________will incorporate it where it becomes a complete HEME molecule

Answer 45

Ferrochelatase

Question 46

Heme, since it is inside of the mitochondria, will go out to the cytoplasm – and the Heme will meet with __________chains in the cytoplasm

Answer 46

GLOBIN

Question 47

4 Heme will combine with 4 Globin chains – they will now form ______ hemoglobin molecule

Answer 47

1 hemoglobin molecule

Question 48

INCREASE OR DECREASE? - CHANGES IN HEMOGLOBIN As we develop, the hemoglobin has changed – they will become Hemoglobin F; as we continue to develop- Hemoglobin F will _________ in level

Answer 48

decrease

Question 49

_______________ is the major hemoglobin present in adulthood

Answer 49

Hemoglobin A

Question 50

Hemoglobin F is the one of the major hemoglobins produced–but in adulthood, Hgb F only takes about __________

Answer 50

1-2%

Question 51

IMPORTANCE OF HEMOGLOBIN F DURING INTRAUTERINE DEVELOPMENT when we were babies, our source of oxygen was from the ____________ HIGH OR LOW? The presence of Hemoglobin F during that period of development is very important because it has a VERY ________ AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN

Answer 51

MOTHER VERY HIGH AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN

Question 52

As we grow, there is decline in ______________

Answer 52

Hemoglobin F production

Question 53

In hemoglobin ________, we have our own supply of oxygen and we are capable of breathing

Answer 53

hemoglobin F

Question 54

High Hemoglobin F levels in an adult will mean the patient is ___________in the long run which may lead to death, because of the Failure of Hemoglobin F to release oxygen in the tissues

Answer 54

Hypoxic

Question 55

REFERENCE VALUES (Henry’s) Male: _____________ Female: _______________

Answer 55

Male: ● 14-17.5 g/dL ● 140-175 g/L Female: ● 12.3-15.3 g/dL ● 123-153 g/L

Question 56

____________ has the higher levels of Hgb because Females menstruate, therefore it is normally lower

Answer 56

Male

Question 57

Males have increased production of ___________ which is a promotor for ___________

Answer 57

testosterone erythropoiesis

Question 58

__________is an inhibitor for erythropoiesis

Answer 58

Estrogen

Question 59

OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE The shape of the curve is __________

Answer 59

SIGMOIDAL

Question 60

OXYGEN DISSOCIATION CURVE the black, solid line is the NORMAL STATE OF ______________ and _________ without any interrupting factors

Answer 60

OXYGEN AND HEMOGLOBIN

Question 61

Decrease or Increase ___________ in oxygen saturation means plenty of oxygen is binding to hemoglobin

Answer 61

Increase or rise

Question 62

IN RELATION TO CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN ________________ is bound to oxygen What is the treatment? ➔ ______________

Answer 62

Carbon monoxide Hyperbaric oxygen

Question 63

Shift to left or right? ↓ H+ ions (↑pH), ↓2,3-BPG

Answer 63

Shift to left

Question 64

Shift to left or right? ↓PCO2,↓ temp (+ Hb variants with ↑O2 affinity)

Answer 64

Shift to Left

Question 65

Shift to left or right? ↑H +ions, ↓pH, ↑2,3 BPG

Answer 65

Shift to right

Question 66

Shift to right? ↑PCO2 ↑ temp (+Hb variants with ↓ O2 affinity)

Answer 66

Shift to right

Question 67

FACTORS AFFECTING INCREASED 2,3-BPG 1. 2.

Answer 67

Shift to right ● Increased temperature ● Increased hydrogen ○ pH of blood will be acidic / ACIDOSIS

Question 68

FACTORS AFFECTING DECREASED 2,3-BPG

Answer 68

Shift to Left ● Addition of carbon monoxide ● Decreased temp ● Decreased PCO2

Question 69

It is important hemoglobin picks up _______

Answer 69

oxygen

Question 70

LOCATION: Mesoblastic phase -_________ Hepatic phase -______________ Medullary Phase - _____________

Answer 70

1. Yolk Sac 2. Liver 3. Bone marrow