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Biology GCSE > Topic 2 - Organisation > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Organisation Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Catalyst definition

A

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

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2
Q

What are enzymes made up of

A

All large proteins - chains of amino acids

These chains are folded into unique shapes

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3
Q

Why enzymes have specific shapes?

A

Enzymes have an active site with a unique shape that fits substrate in reaction
Substrate has to match enzymes active site for reaction to be catalysed

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4
Q

Enzymes need right pH and temperature

A

Increasing temperature may increase rate of reaction initially but too high - enzyme denatures - loses shape
Same for pH

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5
Q

Amylase

A

Carbohydrase
Catalyses breakdown of starch to maltose
Made in: Salivary glands - pancreas - small intestine

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6
Q

Detection of Starch

A

Use iodine

Starch present - browny/orange to blue/black

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7
Q

Method for investing pH on enzyme activity

A

Put drop of iodine in every well in spotting tile
Heat water to 35°C and keep constant
Use syringe to add 1cm3 of amylase and 1cm3 of buffer with a pH
Put tube in beaker and wait 5mins
Add 5cm3 of starch
Record how long takes for starch breakdown by taking drop into spotting tile every 30seconds
Repeat with different pH’s

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8
Q

Proteases

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

Made in: stomach - pancreas - small intestine

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9
Q

Pepsin

A

Protease
Made in stomach
Works best at pH 2

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10
Q

Lipases

A

Converts lipids to Glycerol and Fatty acids

Made in: pancreas - small intestine

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11
Q

Bile

A

Produced in liver
Stored in gall bladder
Released into small intestine
Hydrochloric acid in stomach to low pH (acidic) for enzymes in small intestine
Bile is alkaline so neutralises acid to make conditions alkaline - optimum for enzymes in small intestine
Emulsifies fats - breaks into smaller pieces

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12
Q

Digestive system

A 
Mouth - Salivary glands 
Oesophagus 
Stomach
Liver 
Gall Bladder 
Pancreas
Small intestine 
Large intestine 
Rectum
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13
Q

Salivary glands

A

Produce amylase

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14
Q

Stomach

A

Pummels food with muscular walls
Produces pepsin
Produces hydrochloric acid - kill bacteria - pepsin optimum pH 2

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15
Q

Liver

A

Bile produced

Bile - neutralises acid - emulsifies fats

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16
Q

Gall bladder

A

Where bile stored before released into small intestine

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17
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces protease - amylase - lipase

Releases to small intestine

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18
Q

Small intestine

A

Produces protease, amylase, lipase

Digested food absorbed into bloodstream

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19
Q

Large intestine

A

Where excess water absorbed from food

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20
Q

Benedicts test

A

Test for sugars
Do test in heated water bath
If sugar blue to green - yellow - brick red : depending on mass of sugar

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21
Q

Iodine test

A

Test for starch

Browny orange to black or blue/black

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22
Q

Biuret test

A

Test for proteins

Blue to pink/purple

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23
Q

Sudan III

A

Test for lipids
If lipids present mixture separate into 2 layers top layer - bright red
No lipids - no separate layer

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24
Q

Parts of lungs

A 
Trachea 
Bronchus 
Bronchioles 
Alveoli 
Ribs 
Intercostal muscles 
Diaphragm
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25
What happens at the alveoli
Blood passing alveoli has come from rest of body - lots of CO2 little oxygen Oxygen diffuses out of alveoli into blood Carbon dioxide diffuses out of blood into alveoli
26
Double circulatory system
Humans have a double circulatory system as two circuits One pumps deoxygenated blood One pumps oxygenated blood
27
Movement of blood
Deoxygenated blood - vena cava - right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - rest of body
28
Coronary arteries
Supplies the blood with oxygenated blood | Branch off aorta and surround heart
29
Pacemakers
Resting heart rate controlled by group of cells in right atrium Cells produce electric impulses that spreads to muscle cells making them contract Artificial pacemaker Device with wire to heart Produces electric current so heart beats regularly
30
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart High pressure Walls thick layer of muscle - lumen small in comparison Elastic fibres allow to stretch
31
Capillaries
Permeable one cell thick wall Very small lumen Supply food and oxygen - remove CO2
32
Veins
Lower pressure Large lumen and narrow walls Have valves to stop backflow of blood
33
Red blood cells
Biconcave disc Large surface area No nucleus Red pigment - haemoglobin that binds to oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin
34
White blood cells
Phagocytes - change shape to engulf pathogens Lymphocytes - produce antibodies - to stop reproduction produce antitoxins to neutralise toxins produced
35
Platelets
Small fragments of cells used to clot a wound
36
Plasma
``` Carries: Red + white blood cells; platelets; Hormones; proteins; Urea from liver to kidneys Carbon dioxide from organs to lungs Glucose and amino acids ```
37
Coronary heart disease
Coronary arteries get blocked by layers of fatty material | Arteries become narrow - blood flow restricted - lack of oxygen - heart attack
38
Stents
Tubes inserted inside arteries Push artery wall out so more space for blood Effective for long time; recovery from surgery quick Risk of developing blood clot near splint - thrombosis
39
Cholesterol
A lipid body produces and needs to function properly Too much of bad cholesterol causes health problems Cause fatty deposits to form
40
Statins
Drugs that reduce amount of bad cholesterol in blood
41
Advantages of statins
Reduce risk of heart attack, strokes, coronary heart disease Increase amount of good cholesterol which reduces amount of bad cholesterol May prevent other diseases
42
Disadvantages of statins
Need to be taken regularly - long term Some possible serious side effects - liver damage, kidney failure Effect not instant
43
Artificial hearts
Artificial hearts that pump blood for patient Less likely to be rejected by body's immune system as not living tissue so not recognised as foreign Disadvantages: Parts can wear out; electric motor may fail; blood doesn't flow as smoothly - blood clots, strokes; patient needs to take drugs
44
Faulty heart valves
Can be damaged or weakened by heart attacks, infection, old age Valve tissue may stiffen - wont open properly May become leaky - blood flows both directions
45
Replacement valves
Biological valves - taken from humans or other mammals | Mechanical valves - man made
46
Artificial blood
Artificial blood is a blood substitute that can replace lost volumes of blood Allows person to still pump remaining red blood cells around body Ideally artificial blood could replace function of lost red blood cells - not possible yet
47
Health
State of physical and mental wellbeing
48
Communicable diseases
Can spread from person to person Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites Measles and malaria
49
Non-communicable diseases
Cannot spread Generally last longer time - get worse slowly Asthma, cancer, coronary heart disease
50
Examples of diseases that interact
Weakened immune system - increased chance of suffering from communicable diseases Hepatitis virus - long term infections in liver - liver cancer HPV - cervical cancer in woman
51
Factors affecting health
Balanced diet Stress Life situation - easy access to medicine, healthy food
52
Risk factors that increase chance of getting disease
Lifestyle - exercise and diet Environment - air pollution Developed countries - non communicable diseases more common - can afford to buy fatty food Deprived areas - higher chance of smoking, poor diet, no exercise
53
Risk factors that cause disease directly
Smoking - damages walls of arteries and cells in lining of lungs - lung cancer + disease, cardiovascular disease Obesity - body less sensitive to insulin - type 2 diabetes Alcohol - liver disease + damages nerve cells in brain
54
Benign tumour
Tumour grows until no more room Usually stays within membrane and doesn't invade other tissues Not cancerous Usually not dangerous
55
Malignant tumor
Tumour grows and spreads to neighbouring healthy tissues Cells break of and spread to other parts of body in bloodstream to form secondary tumours Can be fatal Cancerous
56
Risk factors for cancer
Smoking - linked to lung, mouth, bowel, stomach and cervical cancer Obesity - bowel, liver and kidney cancer UV exposure - skin cancer Viral infection - hepatitis B and C - liver cancer Genes - mutations in BRCA gene - breast and ovarian cancer
57
Examples of plant tissues
Epidermal tissues - covers whole plant Palisade mesophyll tissue - where most photosynthesis happens Spongy mesophyll tissue - in leaf, contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells Xylem + phloem - transport water, mineral ions and food around plant Meristem tissue - found at growing tips of shoots and roots, able to differentiate into different types of plant cell
58
Structure and Function of epidermal tissues
Covered with waxy cuticle - reduces water loss by evaporation Upper epidermis is transparent - light can pass through to palisade layer
59
Structure and function of palisade mesophyll layer
Layer near top of leaf | Lots of chloroplasts to increase rate of photosynthesis
60
Structure and Function of lower epidermis
Contains lots of stomata surrounded by guard cells Lets carbon dioxide directly diffuse into leaf Guard cells control opening of stomata in response to environment
61
Structure and function of spongy mesophyll layer
Lots of air spaces to increase the surface area of cells - increases rate of diffusion of gases
62
Phloem
Made of columns of living elongated cells with small pores in end walls to allow cell sap to flow through Transport food substances(mainly dissolved sugars) made in leaves to rest of plant to be used or stored Transport goes in both directions Process called translocation
63
Xylem tubes
Made of dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and hole down middle Strengthened with material called lignin Carry water and mineral ions from roots to stem+leaves Movement of water from roots, through xylem and out of leaves called transpiration stream
64
Transpiration
Loss of water from plants Caused by evaporation and diffusion from surface - mainly leaves Evaporation in leaf means shortage of water in leaf - more water drawn from rest of plant in xylem - more water drawn up from roots Means constant transpiration stream Side effect of how leaves adapted for photosynthesis Stomata allow gases to exchange easily More water in plant than out Diffuses to outside leaf
65
What affects transpiration
Light intensity - Stomata close when dark as don't need to be open for photosynthesis so less water escapes. Higher light intensity more transpiration Temperature - When warm water particles more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of stomata Air Flow - Good air flow (stronger wind) more transpiration. More wind means diffused water vapour transported away from leaf so diffusion gradient stays high Humidity - Drier air means faster transpiration. If air humid already water vapour in air so diffusion gradient low
66
How to estimate rate of transpiration
Measure uptake of water from plant Can assume water uptake directly related to water loss Use a potometer Potometer - Apparatus where capillary tube runs from plant in water to a beaker of water. A bubble is in the capillary tube. Record how far bubble moves in mm over set time to find rate of water taken in - rate of transpiration
67
Guard cells
Kidney shape When plant has lots of water the guard cells fill with it and become turgid - makes stomata open so gases exchange for photosynthesis When plant short of water - guard cells lose water - flaccid - stomata close - stops too much water vapour escaping Thin outer walls and thickened inner walls make opening and closing work Sensitive to light and close when dark (at night) to save water More stomata on underside of leaf because the lower surface is shaded and cooler so less water is lost

Biology GCSE (5 decks)

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