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Geo (Privat) > Topic 2 - Population > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Population Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Population density (def)

A

How many people per 1km²

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2
Q

Popuation distribution (def)

A

Spacial: Where these People are

Demographic: How is the population made up? Can it be categorized into groups?

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3
Q

Population Distribution (age) in the EU 2022

A

Young people: ~15 %
Working age people: ~70 %
Old people: ~16 %

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4
Q

Impacts on Population density

A

Relief
Climate
Economy
Political factors

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5
Q

Population density in the EU

A

Highest in central Europe

Medium in Balkans & S-Scandinavia

Lowest in N-Scandinavia & Iceland & S-Spain

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6
Q

Physical factors affecting density

A

Relief: higher density where there is flat land
–> e.g. Netherlands

Ressources: Areas rich in ressources are more densely populated
–> e.g. Rhine-rhone valleys

Climate: Areas with temperate climate (rain / heat balance for fertility) more densely populated

–> e.g. Dublin

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7
Q

Human factors affecting density

A

Political: stable government = more densely populated
–> e.g. Brussels, Luxemburg

Social: Groups of people want to live closer to eachother
–> e.g. Munich

Economic: Job opportunities, MEDCs, large cities (wealth)
–> e.g. Germany, France

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8
Q

Relief (def)

A

Shape & height of land

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9
Q

Conurbation (def)

A

Merge of neighbouring urban areas as a result of urbanisation and city growth

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10
Q

Megalopolis (def)

A

Extensive large and continuous urban area, including a number of cities - often along a road, rail, river or coastal route

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11
Q

Core (def)

A

Central region of economy, producer of wealth, dense population

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12
Q

Periphery (def)

A

Outlaying regions, producers of raw materials, less dendely populated

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13
Q

Core parts in Europe

A

Western-central parts of Europe:
GBR, FRA, GER, AUT, LUX, PL, CZE,…

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14
Q

Periphery parts in Europe

A

Outlaying regions of the EU –> Mediterranean / E-Europe:
IT, ESP, POR, GRC, HRV, LVA, LT,…

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15
Q

Problem with defining Core and Periphery

A

No real map that shows it. Not entire countries (can be divided)

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16
Q

Four Motors of Europe (def)

A

4 industrial centers of Europe:

Stuttgart, Lyon, Milan, Barcelona

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17
Q

The blue Banana (def)

A

Model of the core industial & manufacturing center / sector in Europe

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18
Q

Core living standards

A

Denser population, lower median age, lots of migration, higher cost of living, higher wages

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19
Q

Periphery living standards

A

Higher levels of fertility, higher life expectancy (lifestyle & diet), less migration, older cohorts, BRAIN DRAIN to the core

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20
Q

Reasons for Urbanisation

A

Environmental: Impact of climate change, lack of farming jobs, crop failure (agriculture)

Social: Access to healthcare / education, networking, diversity

Political: Widespread political viwes, positive multiplier effect

Economic: Job opportunities, improved infrastructure

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21
Q

Positive Multiplier effect (def)

A

Government investment in urban areas (cities) may encourage migration and population growth

(e.g. investment in infrastructure)

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22
Q

Negative multiplier effect / Spiral of decline (def)

A

Lack of investment from the state causes conditions to deteriorate –> people leave cities

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23
Q

Birth Rate (BR) (def)

A

Number of live births per 1000 people in a country per year

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24
Q

Death Rate (DR) (def)

A

Number of deaths per 1000 people in a country per year

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25
Natural population Growth / Natural Change (def)
BR-DR per year in %
26
Fertility Rate (def)
Average number of children born to a female over her lifetime
27
Replacement rate (def)
Fertiloty rate needed to sustain a population --> theoretically: 2.0 --> In MEDCs: 2.1 --> In LEDCs: 2.3
28
DTM (def)
Demographic Transition Model
29
1st Stage of the DTM
Pre-Industrial stage (highly fluctuating) - population fluctuates due to famine, disease, war - high infant mortality, low life expectancy --> No country as a whole at this stage. Only some isolated tribes
30
2nd Stage of the DTM
Industrial Revolution (early expanding) - Pop beginns to expand - DR falls due to improvements in healthcare / sanitation - Improvement in farming technology > more food - Improvement in public health system (nutrition, water supply, sewage) - Increase in female literacy rate --> poor developing countries (Nigeria, Uganda, Yemen, Pakistan)
31
3rd Stage of the DTM
Post-Industrial Revolution (late expanding) - BR falls (contraception) - Reduction of child labour (mechanization of farming) - DR stays low - Increase in status & education of women --> Developing countries (Costa Rica, Panama, Indonesia)
32
4th Stage of the DTM
Stabilization (low stationary) - Desire for smaller families - BR & DR low - Total population still high (stationary stage) --> NICs (S-Korea, USA, Canada, China, Turkey)
33
5th Stage of the DTM
Declining population - Low BR - Ageing & declining population - DR stays very low - BR way beneath replacement levels --> Germany, Russia, Japan
34
Strengths of DTM
- Shows change over time - Hepls to explain what happened and why - Easy to understand and apply
35
Weaknesses of DTM
- Does not consider migration - Not appliable for non-industrializing countries - Does not include role of government - No negative evolution - 5th stage originally not included
36
Demography (def)
Statistical study of human populations
37
To infer (def)
Conclude form evidence
38
Net migration (def)
Immigration - Emmigration
39
Gender surplus
In a population pyramid dark shaded ends of bars --> where one gender in larger represented in one cohort
40
Pyramid triangular
Expanding population
41
Pyramid shaped like a house
Stabilising (everyone moves on to the next cohort, FR around 2)
42
Pyramid shaped like route
Declining (expect lower FR)
43
Dependency Ratio (def)
Average number of economically dependant popualtion per 100 economically productive (working) population for a given geographical region at a specific time --> young-age dependency --> old-age dependency
44
Pensioner (def)
Someone who is retires (lives off of government money...)
45
Calculation of Dependency Ratios
(Economically inactive people (0-14 y and 65+) / Working people (15-64 y) )* 100
46
Criticism of dependency ratios
- Not everyone between 15 and 64 actually working - Assumes that everyone works with same productivity / gets same money - Doesn't include informal economy (black market) - Cost of young people VS old people in care?
47
Challenges of ageing populations (general)
- Elderly consume more primary care services (hospitals, nursing, care service) - Elderly suffer more form CHRONIC illness (cancer, heart disease, diabetes) - Risk of depletion: Working people get older and retire --> less people can step in - Decrease in mobility & increase in dependence
48
Economic challenges of ageing populations
- Labour shortage = decline in productivity - Strain on pension system - Higher dependency ratio - Forces more investment in health care systems - shrinking consumer market
49
Social challenges of ageing populations
- Decline in population in the future - Challenge of providing care - Pressure on young to get children - Change in demand (less schools, more hospitals) - Political changes (voting)
50
Solutions for ageing Populations
Housing: (Sheltered housing in the UK) Technology: (IBM in Bolzano) - Sensors and cameras to ensure safety (supervision) Services: (Physical & mental health) - Producing services to keep elderly healthy so they can keep contributing to the economy and don't cost it (care money)
51
Lowest Low Fertility (def)
FR < 1.3 - Population is in rapid decline
52
Pro-natal
Supporting births / children
53
Fertility trend across the EU
- France: 1.8-1.9 - EU: 1.4 - 1.5 - Poland & Italy: 1.3 --> EU population is decreasing and the FR are all below replacement rate levels --> DTM Stage 5
54
Reasons for low fertility in Europe
- Ageing population = fewer people who can get children - Lower DR (people don't see the need to reproduce) - Concerns of future (ressource management, climate change, war?) - Religious / Familial / Sovietal expectations - Focus on studying - getting children later in life - Environmental factors: e.g. chamicals that make women unfertile
55
Pro-natal policy in Hungary
MONEY (financial aid) as main player: - No taxes for women with 4 or more children - 36,000 $ for women wit 3 or more children - Government owned fertility clinics
56
Pro-natal policies in Poland
"500 plus program" (introduced 2016): parents get monthly loans for each child they get (~120 Euros)
57
Pro-natal policies in Scandinavia
- Accessible childcare (less expensive) - Generous parental leave - Financial support
58
Pro-natal policies in the Mediterranean
Crèche building spree in Italy, hoping to make child care easier
59
Pro-natal policies in France
- Cash subsidies for families --> starting with 2nd child angd getting higher with each child on top - "Famille nombreuse": Families with 3+ children get reduced train travel, 20 % increased pension payout
60
Migrant (def)
Someone who lives in a country where he/she was NOT born and has aquired significant social ties to this country -->NOT inland migration!
61
TCN (def)
Third Country National: Someone who is neither from the EU nor from the country which they currently are within the EU
62
Refugee (def)
Someone who has been forced to flee a country bc of persecution, war or violence --> seek for safety --> Can stay in this country but is limited in certain ways
63
Asylum seeker (def)
Must demonstrate that his / her fear of persecution in his / her country is well-founded
64
Frontex (def)
European Border and Coast Guard Agency
65
General trend for migration
Countries with a coastline to southern hemisphere countries / continents tend to have most migrat arrivals via boat
66
Migration models
- Ravenstein's laws of migration - Gravity Model - Simple model - Lee's model
67
Ravenstein's laws of migration
1. Migrants ae short distance 2. Migration occurs in steps 3. Rural migrants more common than urban 4. Long distance migrnts are mostly males 5. Most migrants are adults 6. Cities grow more from migration that from natural increase 7. Migration increases with economic development 8. Most migration is for economic reasons
68
The Gravity Model
Shows how much migrtion can be expected, depending on populationsize and distance between two countries N = (Pop A * Pop B) / Distance² --> Ignores factors like appeal of particular locations and personal choice
69
The simple model
Shows that when looking at two locations, people are pushed from one location bc of negative factors and drawn o another bc of positive factors --> Relevace of Push and Pull factors Sketch: PUSH ---> PULL
70
Evaluation of the Simple model
Easy to understand Highlights core factors of migration To simple, leaving out intervening obstacles of migration A country always has Push AND Pull factors
71
Lee's model
Origin (+,-,0) `´`´`´`´`´ Destination (+,-,0) --> More complex model which recognises range of feelings that may affect an individual's choice to move --> Intervening obstacles might be the reason why people stay
72
Lee's model (Eritrea to EU)
FLEE FROM DICTATORSHIP Eritrea: leave family behind (-), expensive to leave (-), move away from dictatorship (+) Obstacles: deadly traveltoute (cross mediterranean sea by boat), smugglers that profit from misery EU: Refugee status (+), Job security (+), stable economy (+), political freedom (+), better healthcare (+), remitance (+)
73
Remittance (def)
Sending money back to the home country after migrating to supply family there
74
Frontex activity
Helps manage migration flows Manages cross-border crime Supervises every border an knows exactly who / what passes it Spots potential weak-spots at borders and recommends howto strengthen them Helps with registration of migrants Rescues people in distress at sea / supports by sending equipment Helps with return-operations of migrants
75
ETIAs (def)
European Trave Information and Authorization System --> Enforced in 2025 --> European travellers without VISA need this to entry 30 EU countries --> has to be renewed every 3 years
76
EU Migration Policies
- Schengen - Dublin regulation - EU blue card directive
77
Schengen Agreement
Signed in Luxemburg 1985 Started between 5 EU countries and has expanded to become the largest free travel area in the world (29 members)
78
Number of EU Memberstates
27
79
Benefits and Challenges of Schengen
(+): 4 Freedoms are made easier (-): Irregular migration ( a lot more than usual) (-) Safety concerns, crime, human trafficking?
80
4 Freedoms (def)
People, Goods, Services (intangible goods), Capital (money) Things you can move freely within the EU
81
Dublin regulation
23.11.2020 New pact on Migration and Asylum Regulation of the European Union that determines which EU member state is responsible for the examination of an application for asylum, submitted by persons seeking international protection
82
Criteria for establishing responsibiliry (Dublin regulation)
1. Family coniderations 2. Recent posessions of VISA or residence permit 3. How the EU was entered: regularly or irregularly
83
EU blue card directive
European version of the American GREEN CARD Highliy qualified workers form non-EU countries can work and live in EU countries
84
Challenges of MIgration
- Increased demand for housing, jobs, education - Integration difficulties - Exploitation of migrants? - Brain Drain: LEDCs lose skilled workers and can not move forward
85
Opportunities of Migration
- Economic growth - Cultural diversity - Skill development / know-how - Population balnce (make up for ageing populations) - Improve living conditions for migrants

Geo (Privat) (3 decks)

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