Topic 2-Primate Evo Flashcards
(29 cards)
Non-human primates
• Often arboreal species
• Live primarily in tropical and subtropical environments.
• Large brain compared to body size, especially in greater primates
• Enhanced vision
• Reduced olfactory sense compared to other mammals
• Opposable thumbs on hands and feet.
• Five digits on fore and hind limbs.
• Locomotion tends to be hind limb
dominated.
• Have a relatively long gestation and long developmental period compared to most other mammals
• Typically one young per pregnancy.
• Two mammary glands.
• Flattened face compared to non-primate mammals.
• Specific pattern of dentition.
• Long gut and well developed cecum.
• Eat primarily plant foods and also some
invertebrates.
Adaptive radiation
• Adaptive radiation is an evolutionary phenomenon where there is a rapid appearance of multiple related species from a common precursor species, each adapting to a different ecological niche.
• Adaptive radiation is thought to occur when a species enters a new ecosystem.
-example is darwin’s finches of Galapagos
• Each species adapted for a particular niche so as to minimize competition with each other for resources which enabled them to diverge and speciate.
• An important difference between these finches is the size and shape of their beaks which are specialized to obtain specific types of f
Primate evolution
• The first primates appeared around 65 million years ago (PNAS, 2010, 107
(11): 4797–4804)
• Primate evolution is characterized by a series of adaptive radiations leading to the prosimians (lorises, tarsiers, & lemurs), Old World monkeys, New World monkeys, lesser apes, great apes, and hominins.
• Approximately 200 extant primate species are in the world today.
Earliest New World monkees
- The earliest New World monkeys arrived to the New World from the Old World at least 36 million years ago.
- It is believed that they arrived on mats of floating vegetation when the continents were positioned much closer together.
Primate evolution
- Fossil teeth of Perupithecus ucayaliensis dated 36 million years were excavated from Peru’s Amazon region
- Closely resemble teeth of North African primates that lived between 35-39 million years ago.
- Bond et. al. Nature, February 4, 2015
Primate classification of extant groups
Lesser Primates (Prosimians)
• Lorisiformes in Africa & Asia • Lemuriformes in Madagascar • Tarsiiformes in SE Asia
Greater Primates
• New World Monkeys • Old World Monkeys • Lesser Apes (gibbon, siamang) • Greater Apes (orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee,
bonobo) • Humans
Lesser Primates (Prosimians)
- A type of primate that includes bushbabies, lorises, tarsiers, and lemurs but not monkeys, apes, or humans
- Large eyes adapted to nocturnal vision
- More elongated snout with keener sense of smell than greater primates
- Long tails
- Lorisiformes: bushbabies/galagos in Africa, lorises in Asia.
- Lemuriformes: lemurs, indris, sifakas, aye-ayes in Madagascar.
- Tarsiiformes: tarsiers in SE Asia.
Lesser Primates: Major Groups
- Lorisiformes
- Lemuriformes
- Tarsiiformes
Lorisiformes
- bushbabies/galagos in Africa, lorises in Asia.
- Bushbaby or galago genus name: Galago senegalensis
- loris are nocturnal and live in Asia
Lemuriformes
- lemurs, indris, sifakas, aye-ayes in Madagascar (mostly east side).
- adaptive radiation generated unique group of primates on the island of Madagascar
- aye-aye: Daubentonia madagascarensis
- lemurs- Lemur catta (ring tailed lemur)- [lower west side of Madagascar]
- black and white ruffed lemur : Varecia variegata
Tarsiiformes
- tarsiers in SE Asia.
- Tarsius tumpara- from Indonesia
Major groups of greater primates
- New world monkeys
- Old world monkeys
- Lesser apes
- Great apes
- Humans
Cladogram of primates
Look on the powerpoint
Sub-family Colobinae
colobus monkeys proboscis monkeys leaf monkeys snub-nosed monkeys pig-tailed monkeys languars.
Sub-family Cercopithecinae
macaques (e.g., rhesus monkey) baboons- papio hamadrys from Africa geladas mandrills swamp monkeys patas monkeys talapoin monkeys guenons mangabeys.
Colobus monkey
-Colobus monkey in genus Colobus from Africa
Proboscis Monkey
-Nasilis larvatus, Proboscis monkey lives on island of Borneo in SE Asia and swims
Vervet Monkey
Chlorocebus pygerythrus, Vervet monkey from east and southern Africa (Tanzania)
Gelada monkeys
Theropithecus gelada, gelada monkeys in Ethiopia are grass grazing primates and live in matriarchal societies
Hamadryas baboon
-Papio hamadryas, hamadryas baboon from Africa (Tanzania)
-
Mandrill
- Mandrillus sphinx, Mandrill from Central Africa
- dominant adult males will tend to have the most pronounced coloration
Snow monkey
-Macaca fuscata, Japanese macaque or snow monkeys, in Jigokudani hot springs in Nagano, Japan
Earliest New World monkees
• The earliest New World monkeys arrived to the New World from the Old World at least 36 million years ago.
• It is believed that they arrived on mats of floating vegetation when the continents were positioned much closer together.
-two groups: Cebidae & Atelidae
Cebidae
marmosets, tamarins, Goeldi’s monkeys, squirrel monkeys, capuchin monkeys
