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Chemistry > Topic 2 - States Of Matter > Flashcards

Topic 2 - States Of Matter Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 states of matter?

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

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2
Q

What are the 3 features of a solid?

A

• Particles are regularly arranged
• Particles can only vibrate about a fixed position
• Particles are close together

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3
Q

What are the 3 features of a liquid?

A

• Particles can move around each other
• Particles are randomly arranged
• Particles are close together

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4
Q

What are the 3 features of a gas?

A

• Particles can move quickly in all directions
• Particles are randomly arranged
• Particles are far apart

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5
Q

What’s the state change from a solid to a liquid?

A

Melting

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6
Q

What’s the state change from a liquid to a gas?

A

Boiling

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7
Q

What’s the state change from a gas to a liquid?

A

Condensing

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8
Q

What’s the state change from a liquid to a solid?

A

Freezing

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9
Q

What’s the state change from a solid to a gas?

A

Sublimation

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10
Q

What’s the state change from a gas to a solid?

A

Deposition

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11
Q

What is happening to the energy from a solid to a gas?

A

It’s increasing

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12
Q

What is happening to the energy from a gas to a solid?

A

It’s decreasing.

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13
Q

What are the key things to remember about melting and boiling point?

A

Boiling point = condensing point
Melting point = freezing point

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14
Q

Explain a heating and cooling curve?

A

When a solid is heated, particles gain energy but this is needed to overcome the bonds/forces holding the particles together, so the temperature remains constant. Once all the forces have been broken, the temperature will increase again.

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15
Q

How can you tell if a substance is pure?

A

It’s melting and boiling point is a specific fixed temperature.

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16
Q

How can you tell if a substance is a mixture?

A

It melts over a range of temperatures.

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17
Q

What does homogenous mean and give an example?

A

The same consistency throughout or composition.
Pure substance

18
Q

What does heterogenous mean and give an example?

A

Different consistency throughout or composition.
Mixture

19
Q

What are 5 common forms of purification?

A

• Distillation
• Fractional distillation
• Filtration
• Crystallisation
• Chromatography

20
Q

What is simple distillation?

A

Used to separate a solvent from a solution. This can be done because the solute in a solution has a much higher boiling point than the solvent.
When the solution is heated, solvent vapour leaves the solution. It moves away and is cooled and condensed. The solvent is collected in the beaker.

21
Q

What is fractional distillation?

A

Separates a liquid from a mixture of miscible liquids
1) Mixture of liquids is heated until it boils.
2) The liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates first. When the temperature on the thermometer matches the boiling point of this liquid, it will reach the top of the column and cool and travel into the condenser.
3) Liquids with a higher boiling points might also start to evaporate. But the column is cooler towards the top, so they will only get part of the way up before running back down towards to flask.
4) When the first liquid has been collected, raise the temperature until the next one reaches the top.

22
Q

What is filtration?

A

Use filtration to separate an insoluble substance from a liquid or a solution. The mixture is poured through the filter paper, which has pores that are too small for insoluble particles to pass through. The filtrate is collected in a beaker and the residue is left behind in the filter paper.

23
Q

What is crystallisation?

A

Used to separate a soluble salts from a solution.
1) The solution is heated to remove enough solvent to produce a saturated solution (one that can’t hold any more solute)
2) The saturated solution is allowed to cool.
3) Crystals from in the solution
4) The crystals are separated from the liquid and dried.
A hot water bath gives you more control over heating than a Bunsen burner flame.

24
Q

What is paper chromatography?

A

The separation of mixtures of soluble substances by running a solvent through the mixture on the paper which causes the substances to move at different rates over the paper.

25
Q

Why should you do the line in pencil?

A

If we drew the line in pen, the pen ink would move up the paper with the solvent.

26
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A liquid that will dissolve substances.

27
Q

What phase is the paper called?

A

The stationary phase because it doesn’t move.

28
Q

What phase is the solvent called?

A

The mobile phase because it does move.

29
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is suitable (safe) to drink.

30
Q

What are the 3 steps of purifying water?

A

1) Sedimentation
2) Filtration
3) Chlorination

31
Q

What is pure water?

A

It contains no dissolved substances at all.

32
Q

How can you tell if a substance is pure?

A

It will only produce one spot on the chromatogram.

33
Q

How can you tell if a substance is a mixture?

A

It will separate on the paper to show all the different components as separate spots.

34
Q

What is the process of sedimentation?

A

Large insoluble particles sink to the bottom of a tank of water leaving the cleaner water at the top.

35
Q

What is the process of filtration?

A

This process removes small insoluble particles by passing the water through layers of sand and gravel filters that trap smaller particles

36
Q

What is the process of chlorination?

A

Chlorine gas is bubbled through to kill any harmful bacteria and and other microbes.

37
Q

How can sea water be made potable?

A

Simple distillation.

38
Q

What must water used in analysis not contain?

A

Any dissolved salts which would interfere with the sensitivity of the tests.

39
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance that dissolves in a solvent.

40
Q

What is a solution?

A

A mixture of 2 or more substances.

41
Q

Interpreting chromatographs:
Calculating the Rf value

A

Distance travelled by solute / Distance travelled by solvent

Chemistry (13 decks)

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