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Chemistry > Topic 2 - States of matter & mixtures > Flashcards

Topic 2 - States of matter & mixtures Flashcards

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1
Q

what theory attempts to explain the 3 states of matter?

A

Particle theory/ kinetic theory

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2
Q

What are the 3 main assumptions of the particle theory?

A

That particles are small, inelastic and spherical

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3
Q

What are the particles like in a solid?

A

They are held in place by strong attractive forces so that they can only vibrate in position

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4
Q

What happens when a solid is heated?

A

The particles gain energy and vibrate faster and faster. Eventually they gain so much energy that they overcome the forces holding them together and the substance melts into a liquid

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5
Q

Why does heat cause particles in a solid to vibrate more?

A

Energy is transferred to the particles’ kinetic energy stores, causing them to vibrate faster

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6
Q

what happens when you heat a liquid?

A

The particles gain kinetic energy and move faster and faster. With enough energy they can break the forces of attraction between the molecules. At this point the liquid would boil into a gas

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7
Q

What happens when a gas is heated?

A

The particles gain energy and move faster and faster

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8
Q

What happens if you heat a gas that is inside a container that cannot expand?

A

If it cannot expand, it means the volume of the gas is fixed and so the pressure inside the container increases

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9
Q

What is condensation and how does it occur?

A

Condensation is when a gas turns into a liquid. This happens by the temperature of the gas being lowered until the particles are no longer able to overcome the forces of attraction between them, forcing them closer together and into a liquid

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10
Q

What is the melting point?

A

The temperature at which particles in a solid gain enough energy to break the forces of attraction between them and become a liquid

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11
Q

What is the boiling point?

A

the temperature at which particles in a liquid gain enough energy to break the forces of attraction between them and become a gas

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12
Q

What happens if you heat gas in a container that can expand?

A

The pressure is fixed so the volume will increase

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13
Q

in a closed system, why do changes of state not affect the mass?

A

because the amount of particles remains the same

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14
Q

Order the 3 states from lowest to highest density?

A

Lowest: gas
Middle: liquid
Highest: solid

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15
Q

What is chemical analysis (also known as analytical chemistry) about?

A

The instruments and methods we use to separate, quantify and identify different substances

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16
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

a single element or compound that hasn’t been mixed with any other substances

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17
Q

What are the melting and boiling points of pure water?

A

Melting point: 0 degrees
Boiling point; 100 degrees

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18
Q

How could you test an unknown liquid to test if it was water?

A

Heat it to 100 degrees and see if it boils or freeze it to 0 degrees to see if it freezes

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19
Q

What do we call the state change from solid to liquid?

A

Melting

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20
Q

What do we call the state change from a solid to a gas?

A

Sublimation

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21
Q

What do we call the state change from a liquid to a gas?

A

Evaporation

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22
Q

What do we call the state change from a liquid to a solid?

A

Freezing

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23
Q

What do we call the state change from a gas to a liquid?

A

Condensation

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24
Q

What do we call the state change from a gas to a solid?

A

Deposition

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25
How can we tell if a substance is impure?
if you heat it and it starts melting at a certain temperature but doesn't completely until you reach a higher one
26
What are formulations?
Mixtures that have been prepared using a specific formula
27
What are formulations made from?
formulations are made from precise amounts of different components that each have a different function
28
List 3 things that would require formulations?
Paint, cleaning agents and medicine
29
List 4 separation techniques?
Distillation, filtration, crystallisation and chromatography
30
Is testing for purity by measuring boiling point a chemical test?
It is a physical test
31
Outline the steps of simple distillation
heat a solution with a Bunsen burner, the liquid will evaporate into a gas that will rise into a water jacket and be condensed into a liquid which then flows into a beaker
32
List all the components needed for simple distillation
Boiling flask, fractionating column, condenser, cooling jacket and a beaker
33
What is simple distillation used for?
To separate a solvent from a solution
34
What is fractional distillation used for?
To separate different liquids within a mixture based on their varying boiling points
35
What is the difference between simple and fractional distillation?
Simple distillation can only be used on single substances, whereas fractional distillation can be used on multiple liquids within a solution
36
Describe the process of fractional distillation for 3 liquids?
Heat is applied and the liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates and condenses into a beaker, if other liquids evaporate by chance , they condense in the fractionating column back into the flask. The temperature is altered to repeat the process for the 2nd liquid. the 3 liquids are separated based on different boiling points with the 3rd remaining in the flask
37
How would you separate salt water from pure water?
Simple distillation
38
What is a solvent?
A liquid in which substance can dissolve
39
What does soluble mean?
If something is soluble, it can dissolve in a liquid
40
What does insoluble mean?
If something is insoluble, it cannot dissolve in a liquid
41
When shouldn't you use filtration?
When you are trying to separate a soluble solution from a solvent
42
What should you use when trying to separate a soluble substance from a solvent?
Evaporation
43
What should you use when trying to separate an insoluble substance from a solvent?
Filtration
44
Outline the process of crystalisation
first, pour the solution into an evaporating dish and heat it using a water bath. Stop heating it when crystals start to form and allow it to cool down. either leave it to allow the rest of the water to evaporate or filter out the crystals using aw filter paper and funnel. Dry the crystals
45
What is the "point of crystallisation"?
when crystals start to form
46
What is chromatography?
A chemical analysis technique used to separate substances in a mixture
47
What is the pencil line called in paper chromatography?
The baseline
48
Why is a pencil used for the baseline and not a pen?
The pen ink would dissolve in the solvent and move up the paper, affecting the results
49
Should the baseline be submerged in the solvent in paper chromatography?
NO
50
What are 2 solvents that are commonly used in paper chromatography?
Ethanol and water
51
What will happen to the insoluble parts of the ink in paper chromatography?
They will stay on the baseline
52
What is the name of the paper at the end of the paper chromatography?
A chromatogram
53
What is the mobile phase referring to?
The molecules that can move
54
What is the mobile phase in paper chromatography?
The solvent
55
What happens to a substance which is more soluble in the mobile phase?
It will spend more time in the mobile. This means it will move faster and further up the paper
56
What is the stationary phase referring to?
The molecules that cannot move
57
What is the stationary phase in paper chromatography?
The paper
58
What happens to a substance that is less soluble in the mobile phase?
It will spend more time in the stationary phase and will move slower and not very far up the paper
59
What is the formula for the Rf value?
distance travelled by the substance/distance travelled by the solvent
60
What happens if you change the mobile or stationary phase in paper chromatography?
You will get a different Rf value because the Rf value is specific to the mobile and stationary phases
61
What type of waste is nutrient run-off from fields?
Agricultural waste
62
What type of waste is used shower water?
Domestic waste
63
What type of waste is chemicals released from manufacturing factories?
Industrial waste
64
What happens before we return waster water to the environment?
We process it
65
Name 2 things removed from sewage and agricultural waste water before it is returned to the environment?
Organic matter and harmful microbes
66
What are the different steps for the treatment of water?
Screening, sedimentation, aerobic digestion and anaerobic digestion
67
What happens in the screening step of the treatment of water?
The sewage is passed through gratings and meshes to remove anything large
68
What happens in the sedimentation step of the treatment of water?
The sewage is left to sit in a settlement tank, so that heavier particles settle at the bottom as sludge, while the lighter particles settle at the too as effluent
69
What happens in the aerobic digestion step of the treatment of water?
Air is pumped through the effluent to supply the bacteria with oxygen
70
What happens in the anaerobic digestion step of the treatment of water?
The sludge is sealed in a container to prevent the entry of air, which ensures anaerobic respiration
71
What gas does the the anaerobic respiration of the sludge in water treatment produce?
Methane
72
What is the leftover sludge in water treatment used for?
Fertiliser
73
What is potable water?
Water that is safe to drink
74
What are the 3 criteria for water to be considered potable?
Fairly low levels of dissolved substances, pH between 6.5 and 8.5 and no microorganisms
75
Where does the UK get most of its potable water from?
Fresh water sources
76
List 3 sources of fresh water
Aquifers, lakes and rivers
77
What is surface water?
Water that is exposed to air, lakes, rivers and reservoirs
78
What is ground water?
Water the is formed underground, aquifers
79
What are 2 benefits of fresh water?
it is replaced frequently and is easy to access
80
How do we treat fresh water?
First pass it through a wire mesh to filter out any large objects. Then pass it through a bed of sand and gravel to filter out smaller things. Then sterilise it through bubbling chlorine gas through it, ozone exposure or ultraviolet radiation
81
What is desalination?
The extraction of potable water from seawater
82
What is the main drawback of desalination?
It requires a lot of energy so is very expensive (and contributes to global warming)
83
What are the 2 main techniques used in desalination?
Reverse osmosis and simpledistillation

Chemistry (5 decks)

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