Topic 2 - Structure and functions in living organisms

Question 1

What are the levels of organisation in organisms?

Answer 1

organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system

Question 2

What structures are included in a cell?

Answer 2

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, vacuole

Question 3

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 3

controls cell activities and contains genetic material

Question 4

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 4

produces energy through respiration

Question 5

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

Answer 5

synthesize proteins

Question 6

List the chemical elements present in carbohydrates.

Answer 6

• carbon
• hydrogen
• oxygen

Question 7

What is the basic unit of starch?

Answer 7

simple sugars

Question 8

What is the basic unit of proteins?

Answer 8

amino acids

Question 9

What is the basic unit of lipids?

Answer 9

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 10

What role do enzymes play in biological systems?

Answer 10

act as biological catalysts in metabolic reactions

Question 11

True or False: Enzyme function can be affected by temperature changes.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What is the process by which substances move into and out of cells?

Answer 12

diffusion, osmosis, active transport

Question 13

What factors affect the rate of movement of substances into and out of cells?

Answer 13

• surface area to volume ratio
• distance
• temperature
• concentration gradient

Question 14

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 14

the process of converting light energy to chemical energy

Question 15

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

Answer 15

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

Question 16

What mineral ions do plants require for growth?

Answer 16

• magnesium ions for chlorophyll
• nitrate ions for amino acids

Question 17

What components should a balanced diet include?

Answer 17

• carbohydrates
• proteins
• lipids
• vitamins
• minerals
• water
• dietary fibre

Question 18

What is the structure of the human alimentary canal?

Answer 18

• mouth
• oesophagus
• stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine
• pancreas

Question 19

What is peristalsis?

Answer 19

the movement of food through the gut

Question 20

What role does bile play in digestion?

Answer 20

• neutralises stomach acid
• emulsifies lipids

Question 21

What are the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 21

aerobic uses oxygen; anaerobic does not

Question 22

What is the structure of the thorax?

Answer 22

• ribs
• intercostal muscles
• diaphragm
• trachea
• bronchi
• bronchioles
• alveoli
• pleural membranes

Question 23

True or False: The immune system uses white blood cells to respond to disease.

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What is the role of the phloem in plants?

Answer 24

transports sucrose and amino acids

Question 25

What is the function of the xylem?

Answer 25

transports water and mineral ions from the roots

Question 26

What adaptations do red blood cells have for oxygen transport?

Answer 26

* biconcave shape * absence of nucleus * presence of haemoglobin

Question 27

What is homeostasis?

Answer 27

the maintenance of a constant internal environment

Question 28

What are the components of a reflex arc?

Answer 28

* stimulus * receptor * effector

Question 29

What are the roles of neurotransmitters?

Answer 29

transmit signals across synapses

Question 30

What is the role of auxin in plants?

Answer 30

controls phototropic responses

Question 31

What hormones are involved in human regulation?

Answer 31

* adrenaline * insulin * testosterone * progesterone * oestrogen

Question 32

What happens during vasodilation?

Answer 32

blood vessels widen to increase blood flow