topic 2B: transport across cell membranes Flashcards
(41 cards)
function of cell membranes
FUNCTION 1
-regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell, it is partially permeable to allow certain molecules to pass through but not others
FUNCTION 2
-surrounds the cell and to act as a barrier between cell and environment
FUNCTION 3
-site for metabolic reactions e.g. respiration and photosynthesis
Describe the fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure
● Molecules free to move laterally in phospholipid bilayer
● Many components - phospholipids, proteins,
glycoproteins and glycolipids
Describe the arrangement of the components of a cell membrane
● Phospholipids form a bilayer - fatty acid tails face inwards, phosphate heads face outwards
● Proteins
○ Intrinsic / integral proteins span bilayer eg. channel and carrier proteins
○ Extrinsic / peripheral proteins on surface of membrane
● Glycolipids (lipids with polysaccharide chains attached) found on exterior surface
● Glycoproteins (proteins with polysaccharide chains attached) found on exterior surface
● Cholesterol (sometimes present) bonds to phospholipid hydrophobic fatty acid tails
Explain the arrangement of phospholipids in a cell membrane
● Bilayer, with water present on either side
● non polar Hydrophobic fatty acid tails repelled from water so point away from water / to interior
● polar Hydrophilic phosphate heads attracted to water so point to water
structure and function of cholesterol
structure
-type of lipid, present in all cell membranes
-fit between the phospholipids
function
● Restricts movement of other molecules making up membrane
● So decreases fluidity (and permeability) / increases rigidity
Suggest how cell membranes are adapted for other functions
● Phospholipid bilayer is fluid → membrane can bend for vesicle formation / phagocytosis
● Glycoproteins / glycolipids act as receptors / antigens → involved in cell signalling / recognition
Describe how movement across membranes occurs by simple diffusion
● Lipid-soluble (non-polar) or very small substances eg. O2, steroid hormones
● Move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower conc., down a conc. gradient
● Across phospholipid bilayer
● Passive - doesn’t require energy from ATP / respiration (only kinetic energy of substances)
Explain the limitations imposed by the nature of the phospholipid bilayer
● Restricts movement of water soluble (polar) & larger substances eg. Na+/ glucose
● Due to hydrophobic fatty acid tails in interior of bilayer
Describe how movement across membranes occurs by facilitated diffusion
● Water-soluble / polar / charged (or slightly larger) substances eg. glucose, amino acids
● Move down a concentration gradient
● Through specific channel / carrier proteins
● Passive - doesn’t require energy from ATP / respiration (only kinetic energy of substances)
Explain the role of carrier and channel proteins in facilitated diffusion
● Shape / charge of protein determines which substances move
● Channel proteins facilitate diffusion of water-soluble substances
○ Hydrophilic pore filled with water
○ May be gated - can open / close
● Carrier proteins facilitate diffusion of (slightly larger) substances
○ Complementary substance attaches to binding site
○ Protein changes shape to transport substance
draw + explain process and purpose of protein carriers
-move large molecules (e.g. amino acids, glucose)across the membrane, down their concentration gradient
- a specific large molecule attaches to a specific binding site on carrier protein in the membrane
- then the protein changes shape due to it’s tertiary shape altering to transport substance
- this release the molecule on the opposite side of the membrane
draw + explain process and purpose of protein channels
-moves charged particles (e.g. ions + polar molecules) - they’re water-soluble as the centre of the bilayer is hydrophobic
-forms hydrophillic pores filled with water in the membrane for POLAR (CHARGED)/ HYDROPHILIC particles to diffuse through the membrane (down their concentration gradient)
-protein channels are SELECTIVE: different channel proteins facilitate the diffusion of different charged particles, so only some chemicals can pass through
Describe how movement across membranes occurs by osmosis
● Water diffuses / moves
● From an area of high to low water potential (ψ) / down a water potential gradient
● Through a partially permeable membrane
● Passive - doesn’t require energy from ATP / respiration (only kinetic energy of substances)
what is water potential(ψ)?
Water potential is a measure of how likely water molecules are to move out of a solution - pure (distilled) water has the maximum possible ψ (0 kPA), increasing solute concentration decreases ψ
Describe how movement across membranes occurs by active transport
● Substances move from area of lower to higher concentration / against a concentration gradient
● Requiring hydrolysis of ATP and specific carrier proteins
Describe the role of carrier proteins and the importance of the hydrolysis of
ATP in active transport
- Complementary substance binds to specific carrier protein
- ATP binds, hydrolysed into ADP + Pi, releasing energy
- Carrier protein changes shape, releasing substance on side
of higher concentration - Pi released → protein returns to original shape
Describe how movement across membranes occurs by co-transport
● Two different substances bind to and move simultaneously via a
co-transporter protein (type of carrier protein)
● Movement of one substance against its concentration gradient is often
coupled with the movement of another down its concentration gradient
absorption of glucose in ileum & low and high concentration of glucose - location + draw process
-glucose is absorbed by co-transport in the ileum, first glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine
-ileum –> epithelial cells —> capillary
-in the ileum, the concentration of glucose is too low (in epithelial cells lining the ileum) for glucose to diffuse out into the blood, so glucose is absorbed from the lumen (middle) of the ileum by co-transport
step 1: sodium ions transportation
● Na+ actively transported from epithelial cells to blood (by Na+ /K+ pump)
● Establishing a conc. gradient of Na+ (higher in lumen than epithelial cell)
STEP 2: sodium glucose co-transporter (sodium ions + glucose diffuses/absorbed in)
● Na+ enters epithelial cell down its concentration gradient with glucose against its concentration gradient
● Via a co-transporter protein
STEP 3: glucose diffuses out
● Glucose moves down a conc. gradient into blood via facilitated diffusion
The movement of sodium can be considered indirect / secondary active transport, as it is reliant on a
concentration gradient established by active transport
Explain the adaptations of some specialised cells in relation to the rate of
transport across their internal and external membranes
● Cell membrane folded eg. microvilli in ileum → increase in surface area
● More protein channels / carriers → for facilitated diffusion (or active transport - carrier proteins only)
● Large number of mitochondria → make more ATP by aerobic respiration for active transport
Describe how surface area, number of channel or carrier proteins and differences in gradients of concentration or water potential affect the rate of movement across cell membranes
● Increasing surface area of membrane increases rate of movement
● Increasing number of channel / carrier proteins increases rate of facilitated diffusion / active transport
● Increasing concentration gradient increases rate of simple diffusion
● Increasing concentration gradient increases rate of facilitated diffusion
○ Until number of channel / carrier proteins becomes a limiting factor as all in use / saturated
● Increasing water potential gradient increases rate of osmosis
RP3:
Describe how a dilution can be calculated
You can rearrange and use the formula: C1 x V1 = C2 x V2 with V2 = V1+ volume of distilled water, or:
- Calculate dilution factor = desired concentration (C2) / stock concentration (C1)
- Calculate volume of stock solution (V1) = dilution factor x final desired volume (V2)
- Calculate volume of distilled water = final desired volume (V2) - volume of stock solution (V1)
