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year 12 bio > Topic 3 And 4 > Flashcards

Topic 3 And 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Movement of particles from areas of high to low conc using proteins
-down a cg

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2
Q

Active transport mechanisms

A

Endocytosis - movement of large mols into cells thru vesicle formation
Exo- movement of large mols out of cells thru ves formation
Active transport - movement of substances across the membrane of cells directly using atp

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3
Q

what 2 types of proteins are involved in facilitated diffusion?

A

carrier - particle attaches to protein, protein changes shape and transports the particle across the membrane.

channel - channel proteins are hydrophilic, water soluble ions and molecules can diffuse thru these to the other side of membrane

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4
Q

when will facilitated diffusion take place?
how can water soluble mols pass thru membrane

A

when the mols are charged or too large to pass thru membrane by simple diffusion
carrier or channel proteins

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5
Q

Define osmosis

A

Net movement of solvent water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential thru a partially permeable membrane

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6
Q

Why does pure water have the highest water potential ?

If you dissolve a solute in water why does the water potential lower?

A

All water molecules have the ability to cross the membrane

The solute bonds with the water mols, reducing the waters ability to move

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7
Q

The lower the water potential the more ? The number becomes

A

Negative

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8
Q

Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic

A

Lower conc of solutes compared to inside the cell
Conc of solutes in the solution is thr same as in the cells
Higher conc of solutes compared to inside of the cell

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9
Q

What is biodiversity
Taxonomy

A

variety of living organisms and their genetic differences
The science of describing , classifying and naming living things

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10
Q

Analogous features

A

Similar features but different biological origin

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11
Q

Morphology

A

Study of the form and structure of an organism

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12
Q

Morphological species concept

A

Based on an organisms appearence
A - u can tell by looking at an organism what it is
D - males and female may look so different but could be the same species , sexual dismorphism

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13
Q

Reproductive / biological species concept this the most accepted

A

A group of organisms with similar characteristics which interbreed to produce fertile offspring .

d - all organisms in a species cant attempt to itpfo bc they dont all live in the same area

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14
Q

Ecological species model

A

Based on ecological niche occupied by an organism

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15
Q

Mate recognition species model

A

Based on fertilisation systems including mating behaviour

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16
Q

Genetic species model

A

Based on molecular phylogeny , the degree of DNA difference needed to make separate species has not been decided

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17
Q

Evolutionary species model

A

Based on evolutionary rs, members of a species have a shared evolution and are evolving tog

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18
Q

Limitations of species concepts

A
  1. Finding the evidence - many living species have never been seen mating , time consuming and pricey to set up a breeding programme
  2. Plants of closely related species often inbreed and produce fertile hybrids
  3. Many organisms don’t sexually reproduce eg bacteria
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19
Q

what happens when a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

water moves in by osmosis , cell swells, cytoplasm and vacuole enlarge untill they press on the cell wall. inward pressure from cell wall increases till no more h20 mols can move in . cell is at TURGO

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20
Q

what happens when a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

water leaves cell by osmosis, vacuole and protoplasm shrinks and pulls away from cell wall. this is plasmolysis.

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21
Q

what happens when a plant cell is placed in an isotonic solution?

A

incipient plasymolysis occurs when the cell membrane starts to pull away from the cell wall

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22
Q

What is turgor pressure and osmotic water potential

A

Tp- measure of inward pressure exerted by plant cell wall. Opposes entry of water by osmosis

Omw- the potential of water to move across a partially permeable membrane . The greater the conc of solutes the lower the osmotic potential bc there are less water mols to pass thru the membrane .

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23
Q

What happens when the turgor pressure and osmotic potential are equal

A

The cell is at full turgor and the water potential of the cell is at zero
Water potential = turgor pressure + osmotic potential

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24
Q

How does active transport work?

A

A molecule attaches to protein carrier of specific shape.
Carrier protein changes shape allowing the mols into the cell across the membrane
Protin carrier returns back to og shape

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25
Q

When the protein carrier changes shape this requires …

A

Energy which is provided thru the hydrolysis of atp

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26
Q

What is exocytosis and endocytosis used for
Pinocytosis?

A

The transport of larger mols in and out cells
Cells take tiny amounts kg extra cellular fluids into vesicles

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27
Q

What is active transport

A

Movement of molecules against a concentration gradient. Or electrochemical
Gradient . Low to high

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28
Q

Describe how dna sequencing and bioinformatics can be used to distinguish between species and determine evolutionary rs

A

DNA sequencing - process by which the base sequences of all of / part of a genome is worked out
DNA profiling/bioin - where non coding regions of dna are analysed to identify patterns

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29
Q

What 3 ways do scientists share answers test their work

A

Scientific articles , (magazines scientists publish articles describing their work )
Peer review. (Other scientists check and review the work to make sure the scientific evidence is valid
Conferences (meetings scientists attend so they can discuss each others work)

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30
Q

How does electrophoresis work

A
  1. Restriction enzyme cuts DNA Into fragments
  2. Agar and electric current separates dna
  3. Dna fragments move different distances based on size
  4. UV light used to see bands
  5. Species with most similar bands are more closely related to common ancestor
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31
Q

Eukarya
Archaea
Bacteria

A
  1. Nucleus and unused sections
  2. No nucleus but unused sections
  3. No nucleus and no unused sections
32
Q

What are the 3 domains ? This is recent new study

A
  1. Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic
    And eukarya is eukaryotic
33
Q

What 3 methods can be used to distinguish between species ams determine evolutionary rs

A
  1. Gel electrophoresis
  2. Dna profiling / bioinformatics
  3. Base sequencing
34
Q

What evidence led to the three domain model of classification replacing the 5 kingdom model

A

Techniques of molecular phylogeny was used like bioinformatics
Which found similarities between archaea and bacteria like membrane structure

35
Q

Why do organisms need specialised gas exchange surfaces as they increase in size ?

A

Diffusion distance is greater, metabolic rate is higher and sa:v ratio is smaller

36
Q

Ficks law shows factors effecting the rate of diffusion

A

R of d is proportional to SA x conc difference
——————————-
Membrane thickness

37
Q

Where does gas exchange occur

A

Alveoli , o2 is inhaled and moves into the capillaries from the alveoli via diffusion.
And the co2 diffuses out the blood and is exhaled

38
Q

2 advantages of alveoli

A

Large surface area
Short diffusion distance: cap and alv one cell thick
Steep conc gradient , conc gradient is maintained by blood flow
-moist to allow gases to dissolve

39
Q

structure answer for a q ab evolution?

A

1, genetic variation thru mutations
2. environmental change adding selection pressure
3. natural selection
4, inherticance
5. evolution

Higher alllele frequency increases for birds with pointy beaks etc …

40
Q

evolution?
ns?

A

a change in the characteristics of a species over time
certain organisms of a species r most likely to survive and reproduce than other membes of that species due to certain gv

41
Q

whats a niche?
how can organisms occupy niches according to their physiological , behavioural and anatomical adaptations

A

an organisms role in the community

  1. adaptation involving the way the body of an organisms works
  2. adaptations involving instinctive beh making the organsims better adapted for survival
  3. adaptation involving sturcture and form of an organisms
42
Q

How are insects adapted for gas exchange

A

Air enters thru spiracles ( opened and closed by sphincters )
-air moves along tracheae by diffusion
tracheoles (contain large sa) can contain water at the end which makes it hard for diffusion to take place , the water is removed in active insects as lactic acid builds up in the cells which decrease water potential so water moves into cells by osmosis

43
Q

How can antibiotic resistance happen

A
44
Q

What is speciation

A

Formation of a new species it happens as a result of isolation of parts of a population

45
Q

How does reporoductive isolation occur

A

2 populations are reproductively isolated and experience diff conditions/ selection pressures
Over time ns changes the geno and phenotype of the groups

46
Q

2 reasons for reproductive isolations

A

Geographical isolation - a physical barrier that separates the population eg lake

Ecological - 2 populations inhabit same region but develop prefence for diff parts of the habitat

47
Q

What is allopatric speciciation

A

This type of speciciation takes place when populations are geographically isolated

48
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

A species evolves rapidly to fill in the ecological niches

49
Q

gills in fish are covered by a bony flap called the
gil filaments exist in stacks called

A

operculum
lamellae

50
Q

how does gas exchange occur in fish

A
  1. oxygen rich water enters mouth
  2. passes thru gills
  3. in the gills oxygen diffuses from water into blood
    4, c02 diffuses from blood into water
  4. water passes out opercular opening
51
Q

how are gill lamellae adapted for gas exchange

A

-they have a large surface area to volume ratio for diffusion
-thin for shorter diffusion distance
-countercurrent to maintain conc gradient

-continuous movement of water over gills keeps them spread out to increase the s.a

52
Q

how does the counter current exchange system work

A

blood leaving gills flows in opposite direction to the water ensuring sufficient gas exchange
-blood in gills and water flow in diff directions which allow maitain conc gradient

53
Q

How are leaves adapted for gas exchange
Where does gas exchange take place In a plant

A
  1. Large sa thru spongey mesophyll cells, leaves, and irregular shapes of cells
  2. Air sacs and leaves by diffusion
54
Q

The process of gas exchange : in plants

A

Co2 diffuses into stomata for photosynthesis , 02 produced diffuses out the stomata

55
Q

The waxy cuticle of a plant
The lower epidermis

A

Prevents water loss
Contains guard cells,,s which open and shut the stomata , day = opens night = closed

56
Q

What are lencitels

A

Areas of loosely arranged cells which act as pores allowing gas exchange to take place in woody plants

57
Q

Symptric speciation

A

Speciciation that takes place between pop of species living in the same place. They r reproductively isolated due to mechanical , behavioural or seasonal mechanisms

58
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

Mutation occurs which changes genitalia of animals so they can only mate with some members of the group

59
Q

Behavioural

A

Changes in mating Pattern so some individuals don’t recognise others as potential mates , eg mutation changing colour of animal

60
Q

Seasonal isolation

A

The timing of flowing In some parts of pop drift away from norms for the group

61
Q

How can hospitals prevent bacteria strains increasing

A

Don’t give antibiotics if it’s not necessary, encourage patients to complete ab course

62
Q

Why is biodiversity important

A

Water and air of the planet are purified by a wide range of organisms
- plant biod provides the potential for plants to produce chemicals that can be used in medicine

63
Q

Biodiversity can be measured in what 2 ways

A

Species richness - no of diff species in a habitat
Relative abundance - no of indivs per species

64
Q

What is Simpsons species diversity index
Part 1

A

N(N-1) / Sum of n(n-1)

65
Q

Simpsons species diversity index

A

d = species diversity index
N = total no. Organisms
n = no. Of organisms of each species

66
Q

Biodiversity isn’t just based on physical characteristics of organisms it’s also.. THIS IS THE DEFINITION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY

A

looked at genetic lvl by looking at the variety of alleles in the gene pool of a pop,

67
Q

Allele freq

A

Freq in which a particular allele appears in a population

68
Q

What are some ethical reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

human activities can cause mass extinction of species thru climate change and this interference with biod is unethical

69
Q

What are ecosystem services and give 2 examples

A

Services provided by the natural environment which are beneficial, to ppl
Provisioning services - ecosystems provide us with provisions we need eg food and medicine , more biodi =. More provisions

Regulating - ecosystem processes help regulate the environment

70
Q

Supporting services
Cultural

A

Biodiverse ecosystems provide support for other ecosys services we need

A biodiverse echo system is important to human health and well being

71
Q

what is conservation

A

protecting a changing environment

72
Q

ex-situ conservation?
in-situ conservation?

A

conserv outside an organisms habitat
conserv inside an organisms habitat

73
Q

types of exu - situ in animals

disasv -

A

captive breeding programmes - endangered species r bred to increase gd and pop size

reintroduction programme - release animals bred in captivity into their natural habitats

not enough spaces and resources in zoos for the endangered species , diffucult to provide the right conditions for breeding, expensive and time consuming

74
Q

types of exu - situ in plants

A

seed banks - store a large number of seeds to conserve gv and prevent plant species going extinct

75
Q

types of in -situ conservation

disadv -

A

education programmes - educating ppl on importance of bd
national parks - aim to conserve habitats and biod

ppl argue the land used can be used for better things like building a hospital

year 12 bio (5 decks)

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