Topic 3: Animal form and function

Question 1

What does the biological anatomy of animals vary greatly across?

Answer 1

Taxa and even related clades.

Question 2

What can be inferred by knowing the anatomy of an animal?

Answer 2

Its physiology.

Question 3

What are the fundamental challenges all animals face? what allows animals to overcome these challenges?

Answer 3

• Need to obtain oxygen and nutrients
• Escape danger/predators and disease
• Need to produce offspring
  Adaptations allow them to overcome these challenges.

Question 4

What does natural selection favor in a population?

Answer 4

Variation that increases relative fitness.

Question 5

Are form and function in animals related? give an example

Answer 5

yes animal form and function are correlated. ex: size of digestive tract: shorter for higher protein diets like carnivores.

Question 6

What animal shape is typical for fast-swimming animals? Is this divergent or convergent evolution?

Answer 6

Fusiform (tapered at both ends), streamline shape is better for swimming fast. Convergent evolution: this body shape was selected for in all fast swimming animals despite having different ancestors.

Question 7

Water is denser than air, how do aquatic animals reduce drag?

Answer 7

By having a streamlined body shape with no lumps.

Question 8

What does the rate and amount of material exchange between animals and their environment typically dependent on?

Answer 8

Rate depends on surface area and amount of exchange depends on cell volume.

Question 9

What enables direct exchange between cells and the environment in simple organisms?

Answer 9

Simple internal organization.

Question 10

What type of tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs?

Answer 10

Epithelial tissue.

Question 11

What are the 5 different types of epithelial tissue?

Answer 11

• Cuboidal epithelium
• Simple columnar epithelium
• Simple squamous epithelium
• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 12

Cuboidal epithelium shape and function

Answer 12

dice (cube) shaped cells for secretion, prominent in many glands

Question 13

simple columnar epithelium shape and function

Answer 13

brick-shaped cells for secretion and absorption

(in small intestine, secrete enzymes for breakdown), simple= all same height, columnar like columns tall.

Question 14

simple squamous epithelium shape and function

Answer 14

plate-like (flat) cells for exchange via diffusion

(in lungs), think squamous=squashed flat shape.

Question 15

pseudostratified columnar epithelium shape and function

Answer 15

cells of varying height, in a single layer that forms mucuous membranes, ciliated. (line trachea).

varying height, think stratified height as in name pseudostratified, but columnar like columns they’re tall. and pseudo sounds gross like mucous, both have o and u.

Question 16

stratified squamous epithelium shape and function

Answer 16

multi-layered and regenerates quickly, found on surfaces that experience high abrasion.

think stratified = various sizes but squamous =squashed flat shape.

Question 17

What is connective tissue characterized by?

Answer 17

Sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix, that hold tissues and organs in place. Matrix consists of a web of fibres embedded in jelly-like liquid.

Question 18

what do fibroblasts and macrophages do in connective tissues?

Answer 18

fibroblasts secrete the proteins, and macrophages engulf foreign particles.

to associate fibroblasts with protein think fibro is like fibre like actin protein is fibre

Question 19

What are the three kinds of connective fibres? what do they do?

Answer 19

• Collagenous fibres: provide strength and flexibility
• Elastic fibres: make tissues elastic
• Reticular fibres: join connective tissues to adjacent tissues

Question 20

what are the 6 types of connective tissues

Answer 20

loose connective, fibrous connective (dense found in tendons and ligaments), bone, adipose tissue (stores fat, insulates body), blood, cartilage (collagenous fibres).

Question 21

What type of muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movement? what type of muscle tissue is responsible for involuntary?

Answer 21

Skeletal muscle is for voluntary, smooth muscle is for involuntary.

Question 22

What type of muscle is found in the walls of internal organs?

Answer 22

Smooth muscle.

Question 23

what characterizes the different types of muscle tissues: skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Answer 23

skeletal is striated, smooth muscle lacks striations, and cardiac muscle is striated with intercalated disks.

Question 24

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Answer 24

Receiving, processing, and transmitting information.

Question 25

what do neurons and glial cells in nervous tissue do?

Answer 25

neurons transmit nerve impulses, and glial cells support the neurons

Question 26

how do hormones work

Answer 26

Hormones are released from endocrine cells into the blood. Target specific cells depending on the hormone.

Question 27

What are the two ways animals maintain their internal environment?

Answer 27

* Regulating: uses internal mechanisms to control internal changes in the face of external fluctuations * Conforming: their internal conditions within the body change in accordance with external changes.

Question 28

What does homeostasis refer to?

Answer 28

Maintenance of internal balance.

Question 29

What is negative feedback in homeostasis? an example?

Answer 29

A mechanism that returns a variable back to its set point. ex: when you exercise you get hot, you're nervous detects heat and triggers sweating to cool down your body.

Question 30

do positive feedback loops play a major role in homeostasis?

Answer 30

no positive feedback is more of a process completing mechanism it's not returning something back down to set point. (like child birth more and more contractions)

Question 31

What is thermoregulation?

Answer 31

The process by which animals maintain internal temperatures within a tolerable range.

Question 32

What is the difference between endothermy and ectothermy?

Answer 32

* Endothermy: internal metabolic processes provide heat * Ectothermy: body temperature is maintained by external factors

Question 33

describe poikilotherms and example

Answer 33

Have body temperatures that vary with environmental conditions. (ex: frogs, their blood freezes in the winter but fluid in the summer)

Question 34

What are the four methods of heat transfer?

Answer 34

* Radiation * Evaporation * Convection * Conduction

Question 35

how do animals reduce or promote (balance) heat exchange in certain directions

Answer 35

integumentary system (hair, skin, nails). insulation: raise hair and feathers. blubber. Circulatory systems: vasodilation to push blood to the skin to release heat when hot. vasoconstriction reduced blood flow to conserve heat when cold.

Question 36

What is osmoregulation?

Answer 36

Regulation and balance of water and solute concentrations in cells.

Question 37

what is the osmolarity of mammal blood and sea water

Answer 37

mammal blood is 300 mOsm/L, seawater is 1000.

Question 38

What is the difference between osmoconformers and osmoregulators?

Answer 38

* Osmoconformers: internal osmolarity is the same as the environment * Osmoregulators: internal osmolarity is different from environmental osmolarity

Question 39

What is your circadian rhythm

Answer 39

regulated by physiological changes (melatonin and body temp) that occur every 24 hours.

Question 40

biological clocks

Answer 40

coordinated to external factors like periods of light and dark ex: get tired earlier when its dark out. Can be reset but takes time, like jet lag.

Question 41

What is acclimation?

Answer 41

Remodeling of response due to a single environmental factor.

Question 42

What is acclimatization?

Answer 42

Remodeling of response due to complex environmental changes. ## Footnote climate-ization getting used to a whole new CLIMATE

Question 43

What happens to the body temperature during a fever?

Answer 43

The set point for the biological thermostat increases.

Question 44

what type of solution do marine animals live in

Answer 44

hyperosmotic (ocean has more salt than their bodies)

Question 45

do marine animals lose or gain water, and how

Answer 45

they constantly lose water from their gills and excretion (because solute concentration is higher outside their body). ## Footnote Their bodies are hypoosmotic to the ocean.

Question 46

What type of solution do freshwater animals live in?

Answer 46

Hypoosmotic solution ## Footnote Freshwater has low solute concentrations.

Question 47

do freshwater animals lose or gain water how

Answer 47

They constantly gain water through their gills and skin. ## Footnote Their bodies are hyperosmotic to the freshwater.

Question 48

How do freshwater animals solve the problem of constantly taking in water?

Answer 48

By drinking almost no water and having lots of excretion.

Question 49

What are diadromous fishes?

Answer 49

Fishes like eels and salmon that move between freshwater and seawater and rearrange their osmoregulatory mechanisms via smoltification. ## Footnote They can rearrange their osmoregulatory mechanisms via smoltification.

Question 50

What is anhydrobiosis?

Answer 50

A dormant state that some invertebrate species enter when habitats dry up. ## Footnote It often involves the use of sugars such as trehalose. An=no, hydro= water, bio=life. so means they're living the no water life.

Question 51

List some adaptations animals have to prevent water loss.

Answer 51

* Waxy cuticles and coverings * Keratinised skin * Exoskeletons * Being nocturnal * Drinking lots of water and eating moist foods * Producing water via cellular respiration

Question 52

What percentage of the resting metabolic rate can osmoregulation cost?

Answer 52

5-30% ## Footnote This indicates the energetically expensive nature of osmoregulation.

Question 53

What is the role of transport epithelia in osmoregulation? example?

Answer 53

They help move specific solutes in controlled amounts throughout the body. ex: concentrated salt fluid on seabird beaks.