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Topic 3: Consultation and Confrontation Flashcards

1930-42 (59 cards)

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1
Q

When was the first RTC

A

12 November 1930 until January

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2
Q

Who attended the first RTC

A

Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, representative for the Untouchables
16 representatives from the three main British political parties
Provincial Princes
Unionist Party
57 people the Viceroy nominated to attend
Jinnah
Indian Liberal Party
King George V
89 representatives

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3
Q

What was the state of the British government during the 1st RTC

A

Labour: Ramsay MacDonald
Committed to progressing India (not Dominion status)
Lord Irwin as Viceroy
William Wedgewood-Benn as SoS

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4
Q

What was happening in India during the 1st RTC

A

Gandhi’s salt satyagraha: undermined negotiations
Gandhi was in prison

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5
Q

Why were the INC not in attendance at the first RTC

A

Had rejected the offer to attend after declaring purna swaraj at the June 1929 Lahore congress

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6
Q

What was the plan for the RTC

A

To provide long-term reassurance to nationalists and co-operate with the Simon Commission
For India to be democratic and accountable to itself
For the Princely states to be federally linked as one nation

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7
Q

What was decided at the 1st RTC

A

Princely states agreed to join the British Union, which would strengthen the Raj and British control over India
Separate electorate for Untouchables and religious minorities (Communal Award 1930)

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8
Q

How successful was the 1st RTC

A

Generally cooperative between all parties as they had a similar goal
Not fully successful as the INC, affiliated with 80% of the population were not in attendance
Did not clear up the plan for the future

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9
Q

When was the 2nd RTC

A

7 September 1931

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10
Q

What was the situation of the British government during the 2nd RTC

A

Viceroy changed from Irwin to Willingdon, who was repressive and strict
Sir Samuel Hoare as SoS, a Conservative imperialist
Great Depression forced MacDonald to accept a coalition government
Economic struggles made India a crucial asset for Britian

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11
Q

Who attended the second RTC

A

Sir Samuel Hoare chaired
Gandhi as the sole INC representative, despite not being the leader of the INC at the time
Iqbal, the Aga Khan and Jinnah for the ML

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12
Q

Gandhi during the 2nd RTC

A

Claimed to speak for all of India, questioning the need for the other representatives
Angry about the outcome of the first RTC, especially since his Back to Basics campaign in which he sought to bridge the gap with the Untouchables

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13
Q

Outcome of the 2nd RTC

A

Showed to the SoS that there would be clashes in leadership as not only did the INC and the ML disagree, the Hindus disagreed among themselves
Gandhi and Jinnah clashed on the 14 points, representation and the movements in the ’20s

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14
Q

How successful was the 2nd RTC

A

No next steps planned
Communal Award announced

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15
Q

What did Gandhi do in Britain

A

Visited working class cities (East London and Lancashire) to justify the nationalist cause and advocate for the Labour party
Visited C.P Scott <333, editor of the Manchester Guardian

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16
Q

What happened upon Gandhi’s return to India

A

Immediately imprisoned by Willingdon, among Nehru, the CWC and other INC members
Placed in the Yeravda prison in Poona
Enacted ‘Emergency Powers’, similar to the Rowlatt Acts and the DOIA

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17
Q

When was the Gandhi Irwin Pact

A

Agreed March 1931
First approached Gandhi in July 1930, but he didn’t meet Irwin until February 1931

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18
Q

What was the Gandhi Irwin pact

A

Irwin’s move after realising the futility of holding RTCs without the INC
Agreed to release him from prison, as well as 19,000 members of the INC if he attended the 2nd Conference
Fellow Indians, especially businessmen, encouraged Gandhi to take the pact

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19
Q

Gandhi’s response to the Communal Award

A

Fast unto death
Declared the separate electorate a betrayal to his cause
Wrote to Hoare, who refused to change the legislation
Pressured Ambedkar to negotiate
Willingdon was prepared to let him die, though he was planning to release him so he wouldn’t die in prison

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20
Q

Poona Pact

A

Increased the no. of seats to be awarded to the Untouchables from 71 to 148, as well as guaranteeing at least 18% of the seats in future elections if they won the votes
Abandoned the separate electorate for the Untouchables
Ambedkar proposed a revisal clause, in which this could be changed if the Untouchables felt under-represented, though Gandhi did not budge
Set aside funding for the Untouchables

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21
Q

Communal Award

A

August 1932
Recognised Sikhs, Christian, Anglo Indians and Untouchables as separate classes, creating separate electorates for them

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22
Q

British response to the Poona Pact

A

Made necessary amendments to the Communal Award
Still unhappy about the divisions within India

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23
Q

What did Churchill refer to Gandhi as in response to seeing him ascend the steps to the Viceroy’s palace for the Gandhi-Irwin pact

A

A half-naked fakir

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24
Q

British Press on India

Study These Flashcards
A

The Daily Mail- emphasised India’s importance to the British economy
Published fake photos of Indian violence, deeming them unfit to govern and in need of British control
Labelled Gandhi and the INC as insignificant and semi-educated

25
When was the 3rd RTC
November to December 1932
26
Who attended the 3rd RTC
No Labour and no INC Only 46 delegates
27
What was the purpose of the 3rd RTC
The role of the Princely states and their taxation Franchise
28
How successful was the 3rd RTC
Collapsed in confusion No definite conclusions
29
Context of the GOIA 1935
Failure of the RTCs to find a compromise for a constitution Simon Commission's failure to renew the 1919 GOIA 1931: Statute of Westminster, passed by Labour which gave white members of the empire Dominion status IDL vs progressive Labour MPs Desire to appease Indian nationalists, as Britain could not afford another satyagraha Coalition government
30
Who were the main contributors to the 1935 GOIA
Hoare- SoS Wedgewood-Benn- former SoS, MP Baldwin- PM Attlee Churchill Linlithgow
31
Baldwin's goals with the 1935 GOIA
Gain support of moderate nationalists, after accepting he couldn't satisfy the demands of the extremists (purna swaraj) Retain control over Foreign Affairs, Defense and Finance Less non-cooperation Foster a positive relationship with the ML (granting much of Jinnah's 14 points) Persuade the Princely states to join an All-Indian Federation Limit the overall power of Congress, never allowing them to govern alone or bring down government) Satisfy the differing opinions in Parliament Baldwin passed the act despite the imperialist opposition (Churchill and the IDL) and the progressive opposition (Attlee and other Labour MPs)
32
Terms of the 1935 GOIA
Ending diarchy established by the 1919 GOIA by granting autonomy to the provinces Split India into 11 provinces Establishment of a federation, still having the Viceroy and the SoS at the highest ranking Introducing direct elections - Increased franchise from 5m to 35m Partial reorganisation of the provinces Created separate states of Sindh and Orissa Separated Burma completely Established a Federal Court
33
Hoare's statement on the GOIA
Indian nationalists can either accept this or no legislative power at all No one has practical alternatives
34
Negatives of the 1935 GOIA
Viceroy still held significant reserve powers (Foreign affairs, Finance and Defense) Could overrule provincial decisions Still held paternalistic threat No guarantee of Muslim victories in elections outside of the separate states due to population
35
When was the 1935 GOIA passed
July
36
Significance of Burma
Was a necessary line of defense for India against Japan during WW2
37
Significance of Sindh and Orissa
Showed the capacity for separate states Part of Jinnah's 14 points
38
When did Jinnah return to India
August 1935, after the GOIA passes
39
Jinnah's response to the 1935 GOIA
Feared the provincial elections would favour the INC despite the many concessions relating to his 14 points Sceptical of the act
40
INC's response to the Act
INC's commitment to purna swaraj 'Charter of Slavery' 'Machine with strong brakes and no engine'
41
Why was the nationalist opposition to the act irrelevant to some extent
Both major parties stood in the 1937 provincial elections as they risked political power if they didn't
42
Result of Princely states
Ultimately refused to join the federation after Linlithgow received weak backing from the Home government
43
When did Linlithgow declare India to be at war with Germany
3rd September 1939
44
Why was the inclusion of India in WW2 so controversial
Was constitutionally correct (Foreign Affairs and Defense) Did not consult the elected officials The Raj was experiencing a period of stability until this, shown by a boom in ICS recruitment
45
1937 Provincial elections
INC won in 8 of the 11 provinces, with considerable seats in the remaining 3 ML failed to win a majority in any, struggling to gain support
46
Why did the ML struggle in the 1937 Provincial Elections
Lack of overall goal Decline of the party in the early 30s
47
Response to the declaration of war
Gandhi: urged a negotiation, though some knew this would be futile. Refused to enlist and resigned from office, leaving the British in power ML: cooperated and went to war. Mass INC resignation allowed the ML to exert more influence Jinnah focused on forming the ML's constitutional objectives
48
When did the INC declare they would not support the war
14 September 1939
49
Day of Deliverance
22 December 1929 By this date, all INC ministers had left their positions Jinnah called for all Indian Muslims to celebrate their freedom from Hindu dominance
50
What was the purpose of the Lahore resolution
To propose separate Muslim states Ensure the protection of minorities regardless of religious domination
51
Pakistan Resolution day
23 March 1940 The key idea was now for separate independent states, paving the way for East and West Pakistan
52
When was the coalition formed in Britain
24th August 1931 25th August: Hoare becomes SoS
53
When was the IDL formed
June 1933
54
Significance of the ICS in 1937-1939 (until WW2)
Boost in recruitment, which was significant as they had previously been boycotting it
55
What did Jinnah do after losing the 1937 elections
Attempted a final rapprochement with the INC, failing to show that they don't have the Muslims' best interests at heart
56
When does Churchill become PM
10th May 1940 Meant that freedom discussions would be pointless
57
Lahore Resolution/Pakistan resolution day
23rd March 1940, just several months after the INC left their positions Announced to 100,000 Muslims that their destiny was a separate independent state
58
August Offer
7 August 1940 Linlithgow tells Jinnah that the formation of any future constitution would consult him Jinnah declines this because he planned for a separate state anyway
59
Atlantic Charter
14 August 1941 Stated that nations deprived of self governance would have it restored to them Only signed to gain America's support in the war

India (5 decks)

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