Topic 3 - Emotion and Motivation Flashcards
Define motivation.
The driving force behind behaviour that leads us to pursue some things and avoid others.
The process of starting, directing and maintaining activities.
What is self-efficacy?
Name 3 sources.
Self efficacy refers to the belief that we can bring about desired outcomes.
Personal mastery experiences, indirect learning, verbal encouragement.
What are the four motivating drives as per the psychodynamic perspective? (2 put forward by Freud, 2 more added later)
Freud 1. Sexual drive 2. Aggressive drive After 1. The need for relatedness to others 2. The need for self esteem
What are two of the main premises of the psychodynamic perspective on motivation?
- Humans are like animals and their motives reflect their animal heritage.
- Motives can be unconscious (implicit) or conscious (explicit)
As psychodynamic theorists moved away from the four drives, what did they move to?
Two concepts:
- Wishes - a representation of a desired state that is associated with emotion or arousal.
- Fears - a representation of an undesired state that is associated with unpleasant feelings.
What is a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) for? How do they work?
To study unconscious motivation.
Ambiguous images are shown to participants, who create a story about the image. Stories are then coded for motivational themes.
How are TAT tests relevant?
They are highly predictive of behaviour over long term (not short term - they don’t necessarily align with participants reported short term motives).
Why does a TAT reflect long term motives and self reporting reflect short term motives?
Because TAT’s tap into unconscious motives which are expressed over time, whereas self reporting reflects conscious (explicit) motives which become activated when people focus conscious attention on tasks and goals.
What is the theory of operant conditioning? (Behaviourist)
Humans like animals, are motivated to produce behaviours rewarded by the environment and to avoid behaviours that are punished.
What does the behaviourist drive reduction theory propose?
Drive reduction theories propose that motivation stems from a combination of drive and reinforcement, and is based on homeostasis.
What are the 5 steps of drive reduction theory (behaviourist)?
Homeostasis 1. Biological need occurs (water, food) 2. Need gives rise to drive (internal state of tension) 3. Organism motivated to satisfy drive 4. Goal directed behaviour taken 5. Drive reduced / need satisfied Homeostasis
What are primary and secondary drives? (Behaviourist)
Primary - Innate/biological drives such as hunger, thirst, sex.
Secondary - learned through conditioning and other learning mechanisms such as modelling.
What is one criticism of drive reduction theory? Give 2 examples.
It doesn’t explain all behaviours.
e. g. Why does someone stay up late to finish a novel even though they are exhausted?
e. g. sometimes a stimuli (e.g. food) activates drives rather than eliminating them - a sated person is enticed by the smell of a bakery
What are the two behaviourist theories of motivation?
Operant conditioning
Drive reduction theory
What is the cognitive expectancy -value theory?
Expectancy-value theories view motivation as a joint function of the value people place on an outcome and the extent to which they believe they can attain it.
Define goal setting theory (cognitive)
Conscious goals regulate much of human behaviour, especially performance on work tasks.
What are the 5 conditions that goal setting theory proposes will create maximum job performance?
- Discrepancy between have & want
- Specific goals
- Feedback
- Right level goal
- Commitment
What is Jonathon Bargh’s theory on implicit motives? (cognitive)
He proposes that implicit motives can be activated outside of awareness. If a person frequently chooses the same goal in the same situation that goal will become associated with the situation and automatically activate when in that situation without the individuals awareness.
