Topic 3: Human population Flashcards
(46 cards)
Birth rate
Number of live births per 1000 people per year. Also known as Natality
Death rate
Number of deaths per 1000 people per year. Also known as mortality
Natural increase rate
Calculated by subtracting death rate from Birth rate
IMR. Infant mortality rate
Death rate of infants less than one year of age
CMR. Children mortality rate
Death rate of children below the age of 5
Fertility rate
Average number of births a woman has in her childbearing years.
Total fertility rate
Average number of children a woman would be expected to have if she survives childbirth
Factors that affect fertility rate
-Urbanization/ family planning
-Culture/ traditions
-Healthcare
-Importance of children
-Education
-Infant mortality rate
-Average age of marriage
-Availability of abortion
Life expentancy
Average number of years of life remaining at a given age. Usually measured at birth
Divisions in age groups
Youthful population/ economically dependent are between 0 and 15 years
Economically active is between 15 and 65
Elderly dependents are 65 and above
Population pyrammids
pyramids show the structure of a population in terms of sex and age. They show birth rate, death rate and life expectancy.
Reasons for indents/ bulges and tall/short population pyramids
High/low birth or death rate
High/low life expectancy
Baby boom
Government policies
Immigration and emigration
Communities of certain types of people
Demographic Transition model
It is a model that describes the pattern of the decline in mortality and fertility of a country with regard to the social and economics development of it
5 stages of DTM (demographic transition model)
Pre-industrial society- High BR and DR, poor infrastructure, lack of healthcare and cultural reason
LEDC- DR drops due to slow improvement in healthcare, BR is still high and high IMR
Wealthier LEDC- BR and DR both fall, population growth slows down and family size also decreases
MEDC- low DR and BR, stable population
Rare MEDC- BR is lower than DR, aging population
natural income
Yield and harvest or services that are provided by the environment.
Natural capital
Goods and services that are not manufactured but have value to humans.
Renewable natural capital, living species and ecosystems
Replenishable- Non-living but still dependable on solar energy
Non-renewable- cannot be replaced
Sustainability
Refers to living in such a way that it can be continued at the same level with all the natural resources having the ability to replenish
Sustainable development
Defined as the development which meets current needs without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs
Sustainable yield
rate of increase in natural capital that can be used without depleting the original stock
Energy resources
All energy comes from the sun
Renewable- solar, wind, hydro electric and nuclear
Non-renewable- fossil fuels
Main components of soil
Mineral particles
Organic remains
water
Air
The levels that make up soil, Horizons
Humus- decomposed material from recently dead organisms
Topsoil- soil hummus build up
Subsoil- layer where soluble material and organic matter tend to be deposited from the layers above
Weathered rock fragments- mainly weathered rocks, lack of wildlife
Bedrock- pure rock
Leaching
When water rich in minerals travels down the horizon.
The process takes minerals away from each horizon, meaning it is bad for the soil as the minerals decrease
Soil texture
Clay/ very fine particle
Slit/ fine particles
Sand/ medium sized particles
Gravel/ coarse to very coarse particles
