Topic 3- Infection and Response

Question 1

What are pathogens?

Answer 1

Microorganisms which that cause infectious diseases

Question 2

What are 4 pathogens?

Answer 2

Fungi, Virus, Protists and Bacteria

Question 3

Methods on how pathogens spread?

Answer 3

Spread through direct contact, Water or air

Question 4

Features of viruses

Answer 4

Very small
Move into cells and use the biochemistry of the cell to make many copies of the cell
Leads to cell bursting and releasing all copies into bloodstream
Damage cells making individual feel ill

Question 5

Features of Bacteria cells?

Answer 5

Small
Multiply quickly by binary fission
Produce toxin which damage cells

Question 6

Features of protists?

Answer 6

Some are parasitic (Use human as a host) and live on and damage cells

Question 7

Features of fungi cells?

Answer 7

Can either be single celled or have a body made by hyphae
Can produce spores which can spread to other cells

Question 8

How does pathogens spread by direct contact?

Answer 8

Touching contaminated surfaces

Question 9

How does pathogens spread by water?

Answer 9

Drinking or coming into contact with dirty water

Question 10

How do pathogens spread by air?

Answer 10

Pathogens can be carried in the air and breathed in

Question 11

Most common example of pathogen spreading by air?

Answer 11

Droplet infection which is sneezing, coughing or talking

Question 12

Ways which pathogens can be limited?

Answer 12

Improving hygiene (Washing Hands)
Reducing contact with infected individuals
Vaccination

Question 13

Whats a vaccine?

Answer 13

Injecting a small amount of harmless pathogen so they can be immune to it

Question 14

Examples of virus infections?

Answer 14

Hiv, Measles and Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Question 15

Symptoms of measles?

Answer 15

Fever and red skin rash. Can lead to pneumonia, encephalitis and blindness

Question 16

How does measles spread and how to prevent?

Answer 16

Spread: Droplet infection
Prevent: Taking vaccinations for young children

Question 17

Symptoms of HIV

Answer 17

Flu like symptoms then attacks immune system and leads to AIDS

Question 18

What’s AIDS

Answer 18

State where the body is susceptible to other diseases

Question 19

How can HIV Spread?

Answer 19

Sexual contact or exchange of bodily fluids

Question 20

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

Answer 20

Plant pathogen affecting many specices

Question 21

How to prevent HIV/AIDS

Answer 21

Use a condom, don’t share same needle
Use antiretroviral drugs to prevent virus replicating and leading to AIDS

Question 22

What is salmonella?

Answer 22

Bacteria that lives off the gut of other animals which we ingest when we eat meat

Question 23

Symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?

Answer 23

Discolouration of leaves, affected part cant photosynthesise

Question 24

How does tobacco mosaic virus spread?

Answer 24

Contact between disease plants and healthy plants
Insects can act as vectors

Question 25

How to prevent tobacco mosaic virus?

Answer 25

Good field hygiene

Question 26

Examples of bacterial diseases?

Answer 26

Salmonella food poisoning, Gonorrhea

Question 27

Symptoms of salmonella?

Answer 27

Fever, Stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

Question 28

How is salmonella spread?

Answer 28

Bacteria can be found in eggs, raw meat

Question 29

How can salmonella be prevented?

Answer 29

Poultry are vaccinated Keep raw meat away from cooked wash surface and hand while handling

Question 30

Symptoms of gonorrhea

Answer 30

Thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis, pain while urinating

Question 31

How is gonorrhea spread?

Answer 31

Sexually transmitted disease spread from sexual contact

Question 32

How can gonorrhea be prevented?

Answer 32

Using contraceptives (be treated by penicillin

Question 33

Symptoms of red black spot?

Answer 33

Purple or black spots on leaves of rose plants, reduce area of photosynthesis. Leaves turn yellow and drop early

Question 34

How does rose black spot spread?

Answer 34

Spores of fungus are spread in water or wind

Question 35

How to prevent black spot spread?

Answer 35

Use fungicides or strip plant of affected leaves

Question 36

What's malaria?

Answer 36

Protist pathogens enter red blood cells and damage them

Question 37

Symptoms of malaria?

Answer 37

Fevers and shaking (When protist burst out of the cells)

Question 38

How does malaria spread?

Answer 38

A vector, usually anopheles mosqutio. The mosquito punctures the skin to feed on blood and the protist enters the bloodstream via the saliva

Question 39

How to prevent malaria?

Answer 39

Use insecticide coated insect nets Remove stagnant water Take antimalarial drugs before travel

Question 40

What does the non-specific defense system do?

Answer 40

Prevent pathogens entering the body

Question 41

Examples of non-specific defense systems?

Answer 41

The skin Stomach Nose Trachea and bronchi

Question 42

How is the skin a non-specific defense system?

Answer 42

Acts as a physical barrier Produce antimicrobial secretion Good microorganisms called skin flora compete with bad microorganisms for space and nutrients

Question 43

How is the nose a non-specific defense system?

Answer 43

Has hairs and mucus which prevent particles entering your lungs

Question 44

How is the trachea and bronchi a non-specific defense system?

Answer 44

Secrete mucus to trap pathogens Cilia waft mucus upwards to swallow it

Question 45

How is the stomach a non-specific defense system?

Answer 45

Produce hydrochloric acid which kills any pathogens in your mucus, food and drink