Topic 3- Infection And Response

Question 1

What are pathogens?

Answer 1

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

Question 2

What size are bacteria cells in comparison to body cells?

Answer 2

1/100th

Question 3

One main difference between bacteria and viruses

Answer 3

Viruses are not cells

Question 4

Are protists prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Answer 4

They are single cells eukaryotes

Question 5

What do fungi that aren’t single celled, have?

Answer 5

A body which is made up of hyphae, which are thread like structure which grow and penetrate on skin or surface causing disease.

Question 6

3 ways pathogens can be spread?

Answer 6

Water- drinking or bathing in dirty water (cholera: bacterial)
Air- carried by air and breathed in or droplets when cough or sneezing (influenza: virus)
Direct contact- touching contaminated surfaces (athelete’s foot: fungus)

Question 7

Name three viral diseases

Answer 7

Measles, HIV, Tobacco mosaic virus

Question 8

How is measles spread

Answer 8

Spread by droplets from infected person cough or sneeze

Question 9

What is tobacco mosaic virus?

Answer 9

Affects plants, causing parts of leaves to become discoloured.

Question 10

What does the discolouration in plants with TMV mean?

Answer 10

It means plants can’t carry out photosynthesis, so affects growth

Question 11

How can HIV be spread?

Answer 11

Sexual contact, exchange of bodily fluid (sharing needles)

Question 12

How can HIV be controlled?

Answer 12

During the time where the person doesn’t experience any symptoms for several years, it can be controlled with drugs, which stop the replication

Question 13

What type of drugs control HIV?

Answer 13

Antiretroviral drugs

Question 14

Name a fungal disease

Answer 14

Rose black spot

Question 15

Symptoms of rose black spots

Answer 15

Causes purple or black leaves in plants. Leaves turn yellow and drops off, causing photosynthesis and therefore growth to be affected.

Question 16

How is Rose Black Spot spread?

Answer 16

Can be spread through water and wind

Question 17

How can RBS be controlled?

Answer 17

Using fungicides and stripping affected leaf.

Question 18

Name a protist disease.

Answer 18

Malaria

Question 19

Symptoms of malaria

Answer 19

Causes repeating fevers and can be fatal.

Question 20

Causes of malaria

Answer 20

Mosquitos, when they feed on infected person, they pick up malaria protist and spreads uninfected

Question 21

How can malaria be controlled?

Answer 21

Reducing chance of mosquitos breeding

Question 22

Name two bacterial disease and the bacteria they are caused by.

Answer 22

Diarrhoea- salmonella

Gonorrhoea- N/A

Question 23

Symptoms and spread of diarrhoea

Answer 23

Symptoms: stomach cramps, vomiting, fever
Spread: contaminated food.

Question 24

Causes and symptoms of gonorrhoea

Answer 24

Cause: sexual contact
Symptoms: pain when urinating, thick yellow or green discharge

Question 25

Treatment for gonorrhoea

Answer 25

Antibiotics e.g. Penicillin and using contraception

Question 26

4 ways to reduce disease spread

Answer 26

1. Following good hygiene 2. Destroying vectors 3. Isolating infected individuals 4. Vaccinations

Question 27

What is nonspecific immunity?

Answer 27

first line of defense against infection or injury

Question 28

3 examples of non specific immunity

Answer 28

Skin- secretes antimicrobial substances Hair and mucus in nose- traps particles possibly with pathogens Hydrochloric acid in stomach- kills pathogens

Question 29

Two types of white blood cells?

Answer 29

Phagocytes and lymphocytes

Question 30

What are type of lymphocytes?

Answer 30

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

Question 31

What type of white blood cells are memory and plasma cells from?

Answer 31

B lymphocytes

Question 32

Difference between memory cells and plasma cells

Answer 32

Memory cells are cells with receptors and plasma cells are the cells once they've lost the receptors

Question 33

3 ways antibodies destroy pathogens

Answer 33

Directly killing them, neutralising them and making pathogens clump together

Question 34

Describe phagocytosis

Answer 34

Phagocytes move toward pathogens and engulf them and release enzymes to break down pathogens

Question 35

What do anti toxins do?

Answer 35

They counteract toxins produced by bacteria

Question 36

How do vaccines work?

Answer 36

They have a small amount of dead or inactive pathogen, and the body recognises this as foreign and this stimulates lymphocytes. Memory cells are stored, so if person infected with same live pathogen and can be destroyed quickly.

Question 37

An example of vaccines

Answer 37

MMR- for measles, mumps and rubella

Question 38

2 pros of vaccines

Answer 38

1. Helped control communicable that were common e.g. Smallpox doesn't occur and polio has fallen by 99%. 2. Prevention of epidemics

Question 39

2 cons of vaccines

Answer 39

1. Vaccines don't always work in giving immunity | 2. Can sometimes have bad reaction

Question 40

Difference in painkiller drugs and antibiotics

Answer 40

Painkillers are drugs that relieve pain but they don't tackle pathogen, they just reduce symptoms, but antibiotics kill/prevent growth of bacteria.

Question 41

Why can't antibiotics destroy viruses

Answer 41

Because viruses reproduce using body cells so it is difficult to kill it without killing body cells

Question 42

How can bacteria become resistant?

Answer 42

Bacteria can mutate which can cause resistance

Question 43

What would happen if an individual resistant bacteria survives?

Answer 43

It will reproduce and the population will increase and could cause serious infection untreatable by antibiotics.

Question 44

Example of a resistant.

Answer 44

MRSA which causes serious wound infection is resistant to powerful antibiotics methicillin

Question 45

A way to slow rate of development of resistant strains

Answer 45

Doctors avoid over prescribing and patients should finish whole course.

Question 46

How do plants defend themselves?

Answer 46

They produce various chemicals

Question 47

2 Examples of medical drugs from plants.

Answer 47

Aspirin, painkiller and lower fever, made from chemical in willow Digitalis, for heart conditions, made from chemical in foxgloves

Question 48

Example of drug from microorganism

Answer 48

Alexander Fleming noticed a Petri dish also had mound and area was free of bacteria. Found that mould produced substance killing bacteria- Pencillin