Topic 3 - Membrane Protiens

Question 1

Plasma membrane consists of ________

Answer 1

Phospholipids and protein

Question 2

Hydrophilic heads align to ______

Answer 2

Extracellulaur space or cytoplasm

Question 3

Examples of hydrophobic molecules and how they pass though

Answer 3

O2/CO2/N2 and steroid hormones

Pass through readily

Question 4

Examples of small uncharged polar molecules and how they pass thorough

Answer 4

H2O/urea/glycerol

Pass through readily BUT at a lower rate as they are capable of dissolving

Question 5

Large uncharged polar molecules - examples and how they pass

Answer 5

Glucose/sucrose

Can not pass through

Question 6

Transmembrane proteins act as ______or ______

Answer 6

Channels or transporters

Question 7

What is the function of these channels or transporters

Answer 7

Aid and control the movement of substances. They help control ion concentrations and concentration gradients

Question 8

Examples of protein free bilayers

Answer 8

H+/Mg2+/Ca2+/HCO3-

Question 9

What is facilitated diffusion

Answer 9

Small molecules that could only move only slowly by passive diffusion speeded through the membrane using transmembrane channel proteins that are specifically shaped to that molecules

Question 10

What are gated channels

Answer 10

Channels protein always open using the help of an change in confirmation of the protein to open the channel

Question 11

Example of gated channel

Answer 11

Sodium potassium pump

Question 12

What’s a ligand gated channel

Answer 12

Binding of a signal molecule to change the confirmation of the channel

Question 13

An example of it

Answer 13

Sodium or potassium channels

Question 14

What’s a voltage gated channel

Answer 14

Uses changes in ion concentration to determine the opening and closing of channel

Question 15

Where are they found

Answer 15

Nerve cells

Question 16

What is signal transduction

Answer 16

Uses receptor proteins on the surface that are altered by the binding of the signal then sets off he reaction within the cell

Question 17

What are the two types of binding sites for glucose symport

Answer 17

One for sodium

One for glucose

Question 18

What’s the effects of the binding of one

Answer 18

It enhances the binding of another

Question 19

What’s drives the system and how is that generated

Answer 19

Driven by sodium gradient generated by the sodium/potassium ATPase

Question 20

How is it described

Answer 20

Secondary active transport

Question 21

What happens when all binding sites are filled

Answer 21

Conformational change delivers both molecules across the membrane

Question 22

What happens next

Answer 22

Sodium is pumped back out of the cell by sodium/pottasium ATPase

Question 23

Why is sodium pumped back out

Answer 23

The conformational change relies on both sets of sites being filled or not and the switch between stars only happens if all sites are full or empty

Question 24

How does this transport protein exist

Answer 24

In two states, A and B

Question 25

Why is glucose more likely to bind to the molecule in the A state rather than the B state

Answer 25

Much higher extracellulaur than intracellulaur sodium levels

Question 26

_____ glucose and sodium enter the cell by _______ transitions

Answer 26

More | A-B

Question 27

What is this an example of

Answer 27

Cooperative co-transport

Question 28

The net flow results in ________ against the concentration gradient

Answer 28

Accumulation of glucose

Question 29

Sodium ions flow ____ their electrochemical gradient while glucose molecules pumped ___ their concentration gradient

Answer 29

Down | Up

Question 30

What is the sodium/glucose symport used for

Answer 30

Actively transport glucose out of the intenstine and into the kidney tables and back into the blood test

Question 31

What does the sodium potassium ATPase pump do

Answer 31

Transports ions against a steep concentration gradient using emerged from ATP

Question 32

What does it use ATPase to do

Answer 32

Remove phosphate from ATP and uses it to change the confirmation of the protein channel

Question 33

Stage 1 of sodium potassium pump

Answer 33

Transporter has high affinity for sodium ions inside the cell

Question 34

Stage 2 of sodium potassium pump

Answer 34

Binding occurs

Question 35

Stage 3 of sodium potassium pump

Answer 35

Phosphorylation of ATP

Question 36

Stage 4 of sodium potassium pump

Answer 36

Confirmation changes

Question 37

Stage 5 of sodium potassium pump

Answer 37

Affinity for ions change

Question 38

Stage 6 of sodium potassium pump

Answer 38

Sodium ions released outside of the cell | Potassium ions bind outside the cell

Question 39

Stage 7 of sodium potassium pump

Answer 39

Dephosphorylation

Question 40

Stage 8 of sodium potassium pump

Answer 40

Confirmation changes

Question 41

Stage 9 of sodium potassium pump

Answer 41

Potassium ions taken into the cell

Question 42

Stage 10 of sodium potassium pump

Answer 42

Affinity return to start

Question 43

Functions of the pump

Answer 43

Maintain osmotic balance Generates ion gradient in kidney tumbles/for glucose symport in the small intestine Generates and maintains ion gradient for resting potential in neurons

Question 44

Electrical impulses travel along a ___________ as channel proteins ____ to allow ______ to rush in down a ________ ________

Answer 44

Nerve cell Open Sodium ions Concentration gradient

Question 45

What’s the name of the tiny gaps that prevents nerve impulses jumping directly to the next nerve cell

Answer 45

Synapse

Question 46

What is responsible for carrying the signal across the gap

Answer 46

Neurotransmitters

Question 47

What on the other side of the gap

Answer 47

Protein receptorsinked to closed ion channel proteins

Question 48

What does the binding of neurotransmitters cause

Answer 48

Opening o the ion channels to allow sodium ions to rush in and the signal travels down the next neuron

Question 49

When a neurotransmitter binds to a protein receptor a _______ ________ causes _______

Answer 49

Confirmation change | Ion channel to open and allow sodium ions to rush in

Question 50

The neurotransmitters binding to its red world is an example of

Answer 50

A ligand gated channel

Question 51

The flow of ions into the post synaptic membrane as a result of ?

Answer 51

Neurotransmitters binding leads to a change in charge across the membrane

Question 52

The change in charge is known as ?

Answer 52

Depolarisation

Question 53

What does he change in charge trigger

Answer 53

Opening of further ion channels (sodium/potassium ATPase) along the axon of the nerve (voltage gated channels)

Question 54

What is the result

Answer 54

Charge moving along the axon towards the next nerve

Question 55

Charge moving along the axon towards the next nerve is known as

Answer 55

Propagating

Question 56

The wave of depolarisation reaches the end and tiggers?

Answer 56

The release of a neurotransmitter

Question 57

Once the wave has passed ____________ close and other open to move ions in the opposite direction

Answer 57

Sodium channels

Question 58

This then rest the neuron to its ________

Answer 58

Resting potential

Question 59

What is the resting potential

Answer 59

Charge before depolarisation