Topic 3: Plants Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Characteristics of Land Plants
A
- multicellular eukaryotes consisting of cell walls
- almost all are photoautotrophs
- are sessile or stationary
- have alteration of generation life cycle
2
Q
What are the 2 stages of Generation of Generation Life Cycle?
A
- Diploid
- Haploid
3
Q
What if the ploidy of the sporophyte?
A
Diploid
4
Q
What is the ploidy of the gametophyte?
A
Haploid
5
Q
What is the sporophyte make?
A
Haploid spores
6
Q
What does the gametophyte make?
A
Haploid gametes
7
Q
Sporophyte
A
Are diploid and make the spores of the plant
8
Q
Gametophyte
A
Are haploid and make the gametes
9
Q
What do the spores grow into?
A
The gametophyte
10
Q
What do gametes grow into?
A
A zygote then into a sporophyte
11
Q
Structures that help plants survive on land
A
- Cuticle structure
- Stomata
12
Q
Cutical structure
A
Outer waxy layer prevents water loss from plant tissues
13
Q
Stomata
A
Pores in the cuticle - covered surface that are passageways for CO2 and regulates water loss
14
Q
What are the ancestors of modern plants?
A
Charophytes
15
Q
Charophytes
A
- phylum of green algae (aquatic)
- oldest plant phylum
16
Q
Chara - A - Stonewort
A
Genus of green algae, apart of the charophytes lineage
17
Q
Relationships that helped plants survive survive on land
A
Mycorrhiza
18
Q
Structures that helped land plants with up right growth
A
Vascular tissues
19
Q
What are the vascular tissues?
A
- Lignin
- Xylem
- Phloem
20
Q
Lignin
A
Tough complex polymer that strengthens cell wall and allows for upright growth
21
Q
Xylem
A
Specialized, lignified tissues that transport water
22
Q
Phloem
A
Vascular tissue which conducts sugars
23
Q
Apical Meristems
A
How plants grow their stem and root systems
24
Q
Root System
A
Hidden underground, acount for large biomass
25
Functions of the root system
- anchor plant
- absorb water and nutrients from soil association with mycorrhizal fungi
26
Rhizome
Horizontal, modified stem that can penetrates soil to anchor plant
27
Rhizoid
Root-like (not true root) structures that anchors the plants and aborbs nutrients
28
Shoot Systems
Above ground system
29
Functions of shoot system
- absorb sunlight and CO2
- bearing reproductive structures
30
2 Types of Leaves
1. Microphylls
2. Megaphylls
31
Microphylls
Narrow leaves with one vine strand of vascular tissue, develop as an offshoot of the main vertical axis
32
Megaphylls
Broader leaves with many veins, develop a branching pattern
33
Sporophytes are _______ and more _______ than bryophytes and gametophytes
larger, complex
34
Bryophyte
General term for plants that lack internal transport vessels
35
Homosporous
Plants produce one type of spore
36
Heterosporous
Plants produce of 2 types of spores in 2 different sporangia
37
Mega spore
Develops into female gametophyte to produce eggs
38
Micro spore
Develops into male gametophyte
39
Sporangia
Enclosure where the spore is formed
40
Strobili
Sporangia - bearing structures that are densely aggregated along the stem
41
What is the phylum that is seedless and non vascular?
Bryophytes
42
Bryophytes
Small, non vascular plants, no true root system
43
What phase is most dominant in bryophytes?
Gametophyte
44
Gametangia
Produce and protect gametes in bryophytes
45
Archegonia
Produce the eggs in the gametophyte
46
Antheridia
Produce the sperm in the gametophyte
47
What is the common name for Hepatophyta?
Liver worts
48
What have been the first land plants
Liver worts
49
Thallus
Gametophyte or plant body of liverworts
50
Gemmae
Asexual structure on the thallus of a bryophyte
51
What is the common name for the phylum Anthocerophyta?
Hornworts
52
Liverwort characteristics
- leafy or simple flasttened thallus
- have some gemmae
53
Hornwort characteristics
- long pointed sporangium at sporophyte phase
- gametophyte has flattened thallus
- sporophytes can become independent from the gametophyte
54
What is the common name for the phylum brophyta?
Mosses
55
Mosses characteristics
- most close to vascular plants
- some have hydroids
56
Hydroids
Water conduction in mosses but not a true xylem
57
What are the phylums for seedless vascular plants?
1. Lycophta
2. Pterophyta
58
Did the first vascular plants produce seeds?
No
59
What kind of sperm do bryophytes have?
Flagellated sperm (swimming)
60
Rhynia
An early seedless vascular plant that is extinct and based on fossils
61
What is included in the phylum Pterophyta?
Ferns, whisk ferns, horse tails
62
Fern characteristics
Plant body is sporophyte, habitat from wet to arid
63
Fronds
Finely divided leaves on a fern
64
Sorus
Dark - coloured cluster of sporangia in ferns and fungi
65
What is included in the phylum Lycophytes?
Club mosses, spike mosses, quill worts
66
Lycophtes characteristics
Small vascular seedless plants, grow on forest floor
67
Sporophylls
Specialized leaves that have sporangia
68
Whisk fern characteristics
- grow in tropical subtropical habitats
- lack true roots and leaves
- branching come from rhizomes
- rhizoid mycorrhizal
- vascular seedless plants
69
Horse tail characteristics
- a species of Equisetum
- grow in swamps and disturbed habitats
- have roots to anchor rhizomes in soil
- scale like leaves in whorls
70
Most seedless plants are homosporous?
True but some are hererosporous
71
Endosporous development and why?
Pattern in which the gametophyte develops inside the spore wall, help protect gametes and later the embryo
72
Non vascular plants and seedless
Bryophytes
73
Liverworts, hornworts, mosses
Bryophytes
74
Gametophyte phase is dominant in which plant phylum?
Bryophytes
75
What are the existing seedless vascular plants?
Lycophytes and Pterophyta
76
Club mosses, spike mosses, and quill worts
Lycophytes
77
Fern, whisk ferns, horsetails
Pterophytes
78
What is the dominant generation in seedless vascular plants?
Sporophyte phase
79
What kinds of sperm do vascular seedless plants have?
Flagellated sperm (swimming)
80
Similarities between bryophytes and seedless vascular plants
- flagellated sperm
- seedless
81
Differences between bryophytes and lycophyta/pterophyta
Bryophytes:
- gametophyte phase is dominant
- no vascular system
Lycophyta/Pterophyta
- sporophyte phase is dominant
- vascular systems
82
Seed containing vascular plants without flowering structures
Gymnosperms
83
Produce seeds that are exposed, not enclosed in an ovary
Gymnosperms
84
Ovule
female gametophyte develops and where fertilization takes place
85
Pollen
Male gametophyte
86
Pollination
Transfer of pollen to female reproduction parts (no water needed)
87
3 Basic Parts of a Gymnosperm seed
1. Embryo sporophyte
2. Surrounding nutritive
3. Protective seed coat
88
Modern gymnosperms phylums
1. Coniferophyta
2. Cycodophyta
3. Ginkgophyta
4. Gnetophyta
89
Most common gymnosperms?
Coniferophta
90
What is the most dominant phase in gymnosperms
Diploid Sporophyte
91
Form woody cones
Conifers
92
Male cones eg. (sporangia bearing structures)
Strobili
93
Where do microspores develop?
In the male sporangia
94
Where do megaspores develop?
In the female sporangia
95
What is the male and female gametophyte of gymnosperms?
Male: Pollen grain
Female: Ovule
96
Cycadophyta characteristics
- vascular seed plants
- shrubby or tree like with palm like leaves
- have large cone shaped strobili
- habitat in warmer climates
97
98
Ginkgophyta characteristics
- vascular seed plant
- has one living species (Gingko bilbao)
- fan shaped leaves
99
Gnetophyta characteristics
- vascular seed plant
- with only 3 genera
- simple seed plants
100
Coniferophta characteristics
- vascular seed plant
- needle like leaves
- adapt to dry environments
101
Protonema
The early developed gametophyte of a bryophyte
102
What are the flowering plants?
Angiosperms
103
Most ecological diverse plants
Angiosperms
104
Carpels
Specialized leaves that surround and protect ovules and seeds
105
Flowers
Contain carpels at their center
106
Fruit
Structure nourishes and disperses seeds
107
Pistil
Female reproductive part of flower
108
Ovary
Where the ovules are kept in the flower
109
Stamen
Male reproductive structure of flower
110
Petal
Attracts pollenators
111
Sepal
Protect flower before it blooms
112
2 types of angiosperms
1. Monocot
2. Eudicots
113
Monocots characteristics
- parallel veined leaved are common
- bundles or vascular tissue scattered in the stem
- 1 cotyledon
114
Eudicots characteristics
- net - veined leaves are common
- central core of vascular tissue in stem
- 2 cotyledons
115
Endosperms
Nutritive tissue produced inside the seeds of angiosperms
