Topic 3 (Study Objectives)

Question 1

How many atoms can carbon bond with?

Answer 1

four

Question 2

What three things to carbon skeletons do?

Answer 2

vary in length, they branch, they may form rings.

Question 3

What are the four functional groups?

Answer 3

carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, and phosphate

Question 4

what is carboxyl found in?

Answer 4

fatty acids, amino acids

Question 5

What is hydroxyl found in?

Answer 5

alcohols, carbohydrates

Question 6

What is amino found in?

Answer 6

amino acids

Question 7

What is phosphate found in?

Answer 7

DNA, ATP

Question 8

What is the structural formula of carboxyl?

Answer 8

(-COOH)

Question 9

What is the structural formula of hydroxyl?

Answer 9

(-OH)

Question 10

What is the structural formula of amino?

Answer 10

(-NH2)

Question 11

What is the structural formula of phosphate?

Answer 11

(-PO4)

Question 12

What do organic molecules always contain?

Answer 12

carbon

Question 13

What do most organic molecules contain?

Answer 13

carbon-hydrogen bonds (C-H bonds)

Question 14

What do inorganic molecules do not usually contain?

Answer 14

carbon and carbon bonded to hydrogen.

Question 15

What are some examples of inorganic molecules?

Answer 15

salt, metals

Question 16

What does dehydrates mean?

Answer 16

loses water

Question 17

what does hydrolysis mean?

Answer 17

water separation

Question 18

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 18

When two monomers are combined to form a Polymer. One water molecule is removed for each bond therefore the reaction produces water.

Question 19

Hydrolysis

Answer 19

Water is added to the bond to break a polymer down into smaller units. (H+) and (OH-) are added to separate components.

Question 20

Carbohydrates monomer

Answer 20

monosaccharides

Question 21

What are monosaccharides function in the body?

Answer 21

energy storage and building blocks of more complex sugars.

Question 22

What are examples of monosaccharides?

Answer 22

glucose and fructose

Question 23

What is the formula for glucose?

Answer 23

C6H12O6

Question 24

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 24

complex carbohydrates. They are long chains on glucose.

Question 25

What are polysaccharides used for energy storage in plants?

Answer 25

starch

Question 26

What are polysaccharides used for energy storage in animals?

Answer 26

glycogen

Question 27

What are polysaccharides used as structural molecules in plants?

Answer 27

cellulous

Question 28

What are polysaccharides used as structural molecules in animals?

Answer 28

chitin

Question 29

What make lipids different?

Answer 29

they are non polar and hydrophobic

Question 30

What is the general structure of fats and oils?

Answer 30

C-H backbone with 3 fatty acid tails with glycerol.

Question 31

What is the function of fats and oils?

Answer 31

important in the body for energy storage.

Question 32

What is the general structure of phospholipids?

Answer 32

2 fatty acids, phosphate molecule, and glycerol. (hydrophilic tails and hydrophobic heads).

Question 33

What is the function of phospholipids?

Answer 33

they are a major component of biological membranes.

Question 34

What is the general structure of steroids?

Answer 34

complex ring structures.

Question 35

What is the function of steroids?

Answer 35

they are chemical messengers (hormones).

Question 36

Saturated fats structure

Answer 36

have no double bonds.

Question 37

Unsaturated fats structure

Answer 37

have 2 or more double bonds.

Question 38

Trans fats structure

Answer 38

formed by hydrogenating vegetable oils. (Are unhealthy because they raise cholesterol and increase risk of cancer).

Question 39

Functions of Proteins in the body

Answer 39

enzymes, hormones (insulin), transport (hemoglobin), protection (antibodies), movement (muscle), structural (hair skin), Toxins, receptors on cells.

Question 40

Protein basic monomer?

Answer 40

amino acid

Question 41

Basic structure of an amino acid

Answer 41

carbon linked to an amino (H2N), hydrogen (H), carboxyl (COOH), and a unique R group.

Question 42

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Answer 42

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Question 43

Describe the primary protein structure?

Answer 43

sequence of a chain of amino acids held together with peptide bonds.

Question 44

Describe the secondary protein structure?

Answer 44

hydrogen bonds between amino acids forms beta-pleated sheet and alpha helix

Question 45

Describe the tertiary protein structure?

Answer 45

the interaction between amino acids and r-groups from a 3D shape / folding pattern.

Question 46

Describe the quaternary protein structure?

Answer 46

2 or more polypeptide chains (or amino acid chains) held together.

Question 47

What are the two functions of nucleic acids in the cell?

Answer 47

1. carry the genetic info of a cell. 2. carry instructions for the functioning of the cell.

Question 48

What are the three basic components of a nucleotide?

Answer 48

1. phosphate group 2. 5 carbon sugar 3. Nitrogenous base

Question 49

What is the basic structure of DNA?

Answer 49

double-helical structure. Double stranded polymer of nucleotides.

Question 50

What is the basic structure of RNA?

Answer 50

single-stranded polymer of nucleotides

Question 51

What are roles of DNA in the cell?

Answer 51

carries the hereditary information of the cell

Question 52

What are roles of RNA in the cell?

Answer 52

controls genes in gene regulation

Question 53

What is the basic structure of ATP?

Answer 53

ATP is made up of adenine and a ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups.

Question 54

What are roles of ATP in the cell?

Answer 54

main carrier of energy used in the cell. plays an important role in metabolism.