Topic 3a - bacterial structure & function

Question 1

what are the required parts in bacteria

Answer 1

• cell membrane
• cytoplasm
• ribosome
• genome
• cell wall

Question 2

cell membrane

• structure/description
• function

Answer 2

• phospholipid bilayer

- regulates entry & exit into cell

Question 3

cytoplasm

• structure/description
• function

Answer 3

• liquid in cell

- solvent for chem. reactions

Question 4

genome

• structure/description
• function

Answer 4

• DNA double helix circle (nucleoid region)

- DNA to create organism

Question 5

ribosome

• structure/description
• function

Answer 5

• 70s small

- protein production

Question 6

what in the genome can be attacked by drugs

Answer 6

DNA gyrase

• enzyme that helps coil/uncoil genome circle to use DNA
• prevents DNA from being used

Question 7

cell wall - peptidoglycan

• structure/description
• function

Answer 7

• alternating NAM & NAG sugar molecules held together by tetra peptides

Question 8

plasmids

• structure/description
• function

Answer 8

• small DNA segments

- give bacteria new capabilities

Question 9

r plasmids

• function
• mechanisms

Answer 9

resistance to anitbodies

mechanisms:
- efflux pump -> pumps out drug
- enzymes -> breakdown drug
- enzymes -> change drug

Question 10

f plasmid

Answer 10

fertility gene

- initiates conjunction w/ partner

Question 11

virulence plasmids (t plasmids)

Answer 11

toxin plasmid

- toxin impacts HOST body

Question 12

bacteriocin plasmid

Answer 12

production of proteins that kill OTHER bacteria

Question 13

sex pili

• structure/description
• function

Answer 13

• hairlike contracting structure made of tubular protein

- connects cells and allows for DNA transfer

Question 14

fimbriae

• structure/description
• function

Answer 14

• short & numerous hairlike structures made of pilin protein

- adhesion

Question 15

flagella

• structure/description
• function

Answer 15

• hairlike structure made of flagellin protein

- motility

Question 16

flagellum rotates counter clockwise to move ______ and clockwise to move ______

Answer 16

• counter = straight (runs)

- clockwise = tumble/spin (move direction)

Question 17

lophotrichous flagella

Answer 17

• tuft or tassel at one end of cell

Question 18

monotrichous flagella

Answer 18

one flagellum

Question 19

peritrichous flagella

Answer 19

flagella surrounding cell

Question 20

amphitrichous (polar) flagella

Answer 20

flagella on both ends of cell

Question 21

glycocalyx is a

Answer 21

mucoid coating

Question 22

glycocalyx types and there

• structure/description
• function

Answer 22

• slime layer -> loose, fluffy
• capsule -> dense, thick
• biofilm -> shared layer over many cells
• function: increased pathogenicity & helps with survival

Question 23

endospores

• structure/description
• function

Answer 23

• spore coat made by proteins & peptidoglycan
• made inside cell
• helps bacteria stick & survive different environments

Question 24

sporulation process

Answer 24

occurs during harsh conditions

• water removed
• dipicolinic acid added for heat stability
• metabolic dormancy occurs

Question 25

germination process

Answer 25

occurs in favorable conditions - water enters - spore coat loosens - cell becomes metabolically active and lengthens to normal size

Question 26

endospores allow the cell to survive what conditions

Answer 26

- drying - lack of nutrients - heat - harsh chemicals

Question 27

what are the drug targets in bacteria

Answer 27

- cell wall - genome - ribosomes

Question 28

folic acid

Answer 28

- not made in our cells but needed for DNA and RNA production

Question 29

mycoplasma

Answer 29

- no cell wall - transmitted easier - cant survive outside body - causes "walking" pneumonia

Question 30

rickettsia causes

Answer 30

rocky mountain spotted fever

Question 31

chlamydia causes

Answer 31

eye or venereal disease

Question 32

rickettsia & chlamydia both ...

Answer 32

replicate only inside host cell then burst out to infect new cells - take longer to kill with antibiotics

Question 33

spirochaetes - appearance/function - types & what they cause

Answer 33

huge spirals - can move through tissue (corkscrew) - borrelia = lyme disease - treponema = syphilis

Question 34

archea - bacteria? - composition - creates - cause human disease? - important because

Answer 34

- not bacteria - cell wall has no peptidoglycan - protein instead - creates methane - no human disease - "new" source of antibiotics humans can use

Question 35

what is the process in which bacteria reproduce

Answer 35

binary fission - cell splits in two - genome copied - cell elongates - new cell wall & membrane created

Question 36

bacteria growth curve - lag phase - exponential growth phase - max stationary phase - exponential death phase - minimum stationary phase

Answer 36

- cell grows slowly while adapting to enviro - doubling - carrying capacity reached (max # of cells that enviro can hold) - halving - all cells die