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Biology Year 1 > Topic 3A- Exchange and Transport Systems + RP5 > Flashcards

Topic 3A- Exchange and Transport Systems + RP5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rate of exchange effected by?

A

Surface area to volume ratio

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2
Q

What kind of surface area to volume ratio do small animals have?

A

High surface area to volume ratio

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3
Q

What kind of surface area to volume ratio do large animals have?

A

Low surface area to volume ratio

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4
Q

What 2 things do multicellular organisms need to be able to exchange substances?

A
  • exchange organs
  • mass transport systems
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5
Q

Why is the diffusion rate quick in single celled organisms?

A

In single celled organisms the substances are able to diffuse directly across the cell-surface membrane. The rate is quick because of the short distance the substances have to travel.

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6
Q

Why is diffusion across the outer membrane slower in multicellular organisms?

A
  • some cells are deep within the body (there’s a big distance to travel)
  • larger animals have a low SA:V ratio
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7
Q

Describe ‘mass transport’ in animals and plants

A

In mammals, usually the circulatory system which uses blood to carry glucose and oxygen around the body. It also carries hormones, antibodies and waste like CO2.
In plants, it involves the transport of water and solutes in the xylem and phloem.

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8
Q

What effects heat exchange?

A

Body size and shape

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9
Q

How does size effect the rate of heat loss?

A

The rate of heat loss depends on its surface area.

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10
Q

Why do small organisms have a high metabolic rate?

A

Because small organisms loose a lot of heat due to their SA:V ratio, a high metabolic rate is needed in order to generate enough energy to stay warm.

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11
Q

How does the shape of an animal affect heat exchange?

A

Animals with a compact shape have a small surface area to volume ratio- minimising heat loss from their surface.
Animals with a larger surface area ratio (less compact) have an increased rate of heat loss from their surface

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12
Q

What does whether an animal is compact or not depend upon?

A

Whether an animal is compact or not depends on the temperature of its environment.

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13
Q

What do organisms do if they don’t have the body or shape to suit their climate?

A

They have behavioural and physiological adaptions.

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14
Q

What adaptions may small desert mammals have?

A

Kidney structure adaptions so that they produce less urine to compensate for the high SA:V ratio that means they loose more water.

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15
Q

What adaptions may small mammals living in cold regions have?

A
  • They need lots of energy so eat large amounts of higher energy foods such as seeds and nuts.
  • They may have thick layers of fur.
  • They may hibernate when the weather gets really cold.
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16
Q

What are the two main adaptions for gas exchange surfaces?

A
  • large surface area
  • they’re thin (short diffusion pathway)

also the organism maintains a steep concentration gradient of gases across the exchange surface

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17
Q

Describe how single-celled organisms exchange gases

A

Single celled organisms absorb and release gases by diffusion through their outer surface.

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18
Q

Name as many of the structures in the lungs (9)

A
  • trachea (windpipe)
  • bronchi (2 bronchus’)
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • ribcage
  • lung
  • diaphragm
  • internal intercostal muscles
  • external intercostal muscles
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19
Q

What type of process is inspiration?

A

Active

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20
Q

Which muscles contract during inspiration?

A
  • external intercostal
  • diaphragm
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21
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

A

It flattens

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22
Q

Why does the lung pressure decrease during inspiration?

A

Because the volume of the thoracic cavity increases, so the lung pressure decreases

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23
Q

What happens to the muscles during expiration?

A

They relax

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24
Q

How does the ribcage move during expiration?

A

It moves downwards and inwards, and the diaphragm becomes more curved.

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25
Q

What happens to the air pressure of the lungs during expiration?

A

It increases, as the thoracic cavity decreases

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26
Q

What type of process is normal expiration?

A

Passive

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27
Q

When can expiration become an active process?

A

When it is forced- e.g. blowing out a candle

28
Q

Where does human gaseous exchange happen?

A

Alveoli

29
Q

What is each alveolus made up from?

A

Alveolar epithelium

30
Q

What are alveoli covered in?

A

Capillaries

31
Q

Describe the gas exchange in alveoli

A

02 diffuses out of the alveoli, across the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium, and into the haemoglobin in the blood.
CO2 diffuses into the alveoli from the blood and is breathed out

32
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A
  • thin exchange
  • large surface area
  • good blood supply
33
Q

What is lung disease?

A

The disease of the lung!

34
Q

What does lung disease affect?

A
  • breathing
  • gas exchange
35
Q

What is ‘tidal volume’?

A

The volume of air in each breath
Usually between 0.4 and 0.5dm3 for adults.

36
Q

What is ventilation rate?

A

The number of breaths per minute

37
Q

What is Forced vital capacity (FVC)?

A

The maximum volume of air it is possible to breathe forcefully out of the lungs

38
Q

What is Forced expiratory volume1 (FEV1)?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be breathed out in one second.

39
Q

Name 3 examples of lung disease

A

Asthma
Cystic Fibrosis
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)

40
Q

RP 5- Why are their some issues with dissection?

A

some people believe it is ethically wrong

41
Q

What system do fish use for gas exchange?

A

Fish use a counter-current system for gas exchange

42
Q

What are the thin plates that gills are made up of called?

A

gill filaments

43
Q

What are the gill filaments covered with?

A

Lamellae

44
Q

How are lamellae adapted for diffusion?

A

Lamellae have lots of blood capillaries and thin surface layer of cells.

45
Q

What is the counter-current system?

A

Blood flows through the lamellae in one direction and water flows over in the opposite direction. The concentration of oxygen is always higher in the water than the blood, so as much oxygen diffuses across as possible.

46
Q

What do insects do to exchange gases?

A

Insects have air pipes called tracheae which they use for gas exchange.

47
Q

What are the pores on the top of the insect called?

A

Spiracles

48
Q

How does oxygen move into cells in insects?

A

down a concentration gradient

49
Q

What do insects’ tracheae branch off into?

A

tracheoles

50
Q

Does an insect’s circulatory system transport O2?

A

no

51
Q

How do insects move air in and out of the spiracles?

A

rhythmic abdominal movements

52
Q

What type of plant exchanges gases at the surface of mesophyll cells?

A

dicotyledonous

53
Q

What gases do plants exchange?

A

CO2 for photosynthesis, which produces O2 as a waste gas. They need O2 for respiration which produces CO2 as a waste gas.

54
Q

Where is the main gas exchange surface in plants?

A

The surface of the mesophyll cells in the leaf.

55
Q

How are the mesophyll cells adapted for their function?

A

Large surface area

56
Q

Where do gases move in and out in plants?

A

Stomata, in the epidermis

57
Q

Why do the stomata open and close?

A

They open to allow the exchange of gases, and close if the plant is loosing too much water.

58
Q

What cells control the stomata?

A

Guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata.

59
Q

Name as many plant leaf features as possible (8)

A
  • waxy cuticle
  • upper epidermis
  • palisade mesophyll cell
  • xylem and phloem
  • spongy mesophyll cells
  • lower epidermis
  • guard cell
  • stoma
60
Q

What do insects do if they are loosing too much water?

A

They close their spiracles using muscles. They also have a waterproof, waxy cuticle all over their body and tiny hairs around spiracles to reduce evaporation.

61
Q

How do plant cells control water loss?

A

Plants’ stomata are usually kept open in the day for gas exchange. Water enters the guard cell, making the guard cell turgid which opens the stomatal pore. vice versa if the plant starts to get dehydrated

62
Q

What is the name for plants that are adapted for hot, dry conditions?

A

Xerophytes

63
Q

What are some xerophytic adaptions? (5)

A
  • stomata sunk in pits that trap moist air, this reduces the conc gradient of water between the leaf and the air, which reduces the amount of water diffusing out of the leaf and evaporating away
  • a layer of ‘hairs’ on the epidermis, to trap moisture around the stomata
  • curled leaves with the stomata inside, protecting them from wind
  • reduced number of stomata, so their are fewer places for water to escape
  • waxy, waterproof cuticles on leaves and stems to reduce evaporation
64
Q

What piece of equipment can be used to measure lung volume?

A

spirometer

65
Q

Name and describe 3 examples of lung diseases

A
  1. asthma- respiratory condition where lungs become inflamed and irritated
  2. fibrosis- formation of scar tissue in the lungs, can be result of infection or exposure to substances like asbestos or dust
  3. pulmonary tuberculosis- when person becomes infected with bacteria, small hard lumps form
66
Q

RP5- How should label lines in a diagram be drawn?

A

with a ruler, no arrows, without crossing other label lines, in pencil

67
Q

RP5- How should a diagram be drawn?

A

no shading, single continuous lines, with pencil

Biology Year 1 (9 decks)

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