Topic 4

Question 1

What are the functions of bones?

Answer 1

• Protection and Support
• Movement (skeletal muscles + bone = movement)
• Hematopoiesis (Formation of new blood cells)
• Storage of mineral and energy reserves (calcium and fat)

Question 2

What are the five connective tissues the bone contains?

Answer 2

• Bone

-Blood (for nutrients and transport)

-Cartilage

-Fat (loose adipose)

-Ligaments/Tendons (mostly dense regular)

Question 3

Why is the extracellular matrix sturdy and rigid?

Answer 3

Sturdy and rigid because of mineral deposits. (ex. Calcium)

Question 4

what is a compact bone?

Answer 4

• 1 out of the two major parts

-solid and relatively dense

-external surfaces of long and flat bones
(more support more compact)

Question 5

what’s is a spongy bone?

Answer 5

-1 out of the two major parts of the bone
-open lattice of narrow plates called trabecular

-internal surface of bones
(inner part of the bone, lots of empty spaces for things to be inside.)

Question 6

long bones?

Answer 6

• bones with greater width than length
  (provides strength and structure)

Question 7

short bones?

Answer 7

bones with nearly equal width and length
- more cube shaped, ex: ankles, wrist

Question 8

flat bones?

Answer 8

thin surfaces
-surrounds the brain and forms the skull

-consists of a layer of spongy bone sandwiched between the two layers of compact bone.

Question 9

irregular bones?

Answer 9

complex shapes
ex, vertebra

Question 10

Long bones : Epiphysis?

Answer 10

• knobby, enlarged regions at each end

-strengthens joints

-attachment site for tendons and ligaments
(found on either end of a long bone)

Question 11

Long bones : Diaphysis?

Answer 11

Elongated, cylindrical shaft

Question 12

Long bones : Metaphysis?

Answer 12

-region between diaphysis and epiphysis (in between either ends)

-contains epiphyseal (growth) plate (cells where bone is actively growing)

Question 13

Periosteum?

Answer 13

• connective tissue

-covers external surfaces of bone (except articular cartilage)

-acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves

Question 14

Endosteum?

Answer 14

• end = inside, within

-covers most internal surfaces of bone

Question 15

Cells of bone : Osteoprogenitor cells

Answer 15

• stem cells (cells that’s not completely differentiated)

Question 16

Cells of bone : osteoblasts

Answer 16

blasts = build (secretes bone)

Question 17

Cells of bone : osteocytes

Answer 17

• detect mechanical stress on a bone (maintains the bone tissue, heals the bone)

Question 18

Cells of bone : osteoclasts

Answer 18

• Clasts = bone dissolvers (breaks down the bone tissue.)

-release Ca++

Question 19

Tuberosity?

Answer 19

Large rounded projection; may be roughened (for attachment of the muscle)

Question 20

Crest?

Answer 20

Narrow ridge of the bone; usually large

Question 21

Trochanter?

Answer 21

very large, blunt, irregularly shapes process (the only examples are on the femur)

Question 22

Line?

Answer 22

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than crest

Question 23

Tubercle?

Answer 23

small rounded projection or process

Question 24

epicondyle?

Answer 24

raised area on or above a condyle

Question 25

Spine?

Answer 25

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Question 26

Process?

Answer 26

any bony prominence

Question 27

Appendicular skeleton?

Answer 27

- bones of upper and lower limbs - allows us to move - girdles : bones to which attach these limbs to axial skeleton

Question 28

Pectoral girdle (Shoulder Girdle)?

Answer 28

- Articulates with the trunk and supports the upper limbs. -Comprised of clavicle and scapula.

Question 29

Clavicle?

Answer 29

- the collarbone -S-shaped, long bone - acromial (lateral) end articulates with scapula - sternal (medial) end : articulates with sternum

Question 30

Scapula?

Answer 30

- (shoulder blade) - Broad, flat triangle

Question 31

Glenoid cavity?

Answer 31

- Articulates with the humerus (forms the shoulder joint)

Question 32

Scapula : Posterior?

Answer 32

- Spine = bony ridge, (its in your back)

Question 33

Scapula : Lateral?

Answer 33

- Acromion process (Muscle + ligament attachment)

Question 34

Scapula : Anterior?

Answer 34

- Coracoid process - (also from muscle and ligament attachment) - (named after acromion process)

Question 35

Three parts of the upper limb?

Answer 35

- Humerus (Brachium = arm) - Radius and ulna (Antebrachium = forearm) - Carpals, metacarpal, phalanges

Question 36

What are the 3 Humerus : proximal features?

Answer 36

- Head (Articulates with the scapula, specifically the glenoid cavity) - Greater tubercle (forms the rounded shoulder contour) - Intertubercular sulcus (passage of biceps bracii, tendon, and muscles.

Question 37

What are 2 Humerus : Distal features?

Answer 37

- Deltoid tuberosity (attachment of the deltoid muscles) - Medial and lateral (epicondyles) = just above the joint. (Muscle and ligament attachment)

Question 38

Radius and Ulna, what are they and the anatomical positions?

Answer 38

- bones of the forearm -radius = more lateral -ulna = more medial

Question 39

3 Parts of the radius?

Answer 39

- Head : articulates articulates with the humerus (forms the joint) - Radial tuberosity : attachment of biceps brachii - Styloid process : Lateral "wrist bump"

Question 40

2 parts of the ulna?

Answer 40

- Olecranon : forms elbow "bump", attachment of the triceps brachii Styloid process: posteromedial "wrist bump"

Question 41

Metacarpals and Phalanges

Answer 41

-