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Topic 4 Flashcards

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WSET ® Level 4 D2 Business of Wine flashcards
1
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of different species in a habitat.

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2
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

A measure of the genetic variation found in a particular species/ the number of alleles in a gene pool.

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3
Q

What is endemism?

A

A species being unique to a particular geographic loaction and not found anywhere else.

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4
Q

What is a niche?

A

A species role within within the community.

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5
Q

What is the process of natural selection?

A
  • A variety of phenotypes exist within a population due to mutation.
  • An environmental change occurs and as a result the sleection pressure changes. (competition e.g food, shelter, mate)
  • Some individuals possess advantageous alleles which give them a selective advantage.
  • Advantageous alleles are then passsed on to the offsprings
    Over time the frequency of alleeles changes.
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6
Q

What are the condiitons when using Hardy Weinberg?

A
  • No mutations
  • Random mating
  • Large population
  • Isolated population
  • No selection pressure
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7
Q

What is classification?

A

Organising the variety of life based on relationships between organisms using differences and similarities in genotypes and phenotypes

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8
Q

What is the order in the binomial system?
King Philip came over for good spagetti

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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9
Q

What is molecular phylogeny?

A

The analysis of molecular differences in different organisms to determine the extent of their evolutionary relationship

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10
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryota

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11
Q

What is the formula for heterozygosity index?

A

H= number of heterozygotes/ number of individuals in the population

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12
Q

What is the formula for index of diversity?

A

D=N(N-1)/En(n-1)

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13
Q

What are anatomical, behavioural and physiological adaptations?

A

anatomical - physical adaptations.
physiological - proccess that increase the organisms chance of survival e.g produces venom,

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14
Q

What are sclerenchyma fibres?

A

Provide structural support. They are short structures made of dead cells with a hollow lumen and end walls. They are also thickened with lignin.

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15
Q

Why are plant fibres useful?

A
  • sustainable and renewable
  • biodegradable
  • very strong (can make ropes and fabric)
  • cheaper
  • starch can be used to make bioplastics and bioethanol which are fuels.
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16
Q

What is William Withering’s digitalis soup?

A

Isolated teh active ingredient form fox glove and tested different dosages of people.

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17
Q

What is phase 1 of drug testing?

A

Different dosages of the drug is test on a small group of people to see if it is safe to use.

18
Q

What is phase 2 of drug testing?

A

Drug is tested on a group of pateints with the condition to see if the drug has any effect.

19
Q

What is phase 3 of drug testing?

A

The drug is tested on a big group of pateints to assess the effectivness. Double blind trial and a placebo is given.

20
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

Outer layer of cell wall which holds adjacent cells together as well as providing support and protection.

21
Q

What is the structure and function of chloroplasts?

A

Cntan thylakloid membranes which are stacked into grana. These contain chloropyll. Surrounded by stroma, a liquid which contains photosynthetic enzymes.

22
Q

Describe the structure and function of amyloplasts.

A

Produces and stores starch composed of amylose and amylopectin. Surrounded by a double memebrane.

23
Q

Describe the structure and function of the plasmodesmata.

A

Extensions of the cytoplasm that connect two neighbouring cells together, allowing transport of substances between them.

24
Q

Describe the structure and functions of pits

A

Thin sections of the cell wall that allow easy diffusion, enabling substances to be transferred between cells.

25
Q

What is the structure of starch?

A

Amylose - coiled, unbranched
Amylopectin - highly branched
1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds

26
Q

Relate the structure of xylem and sclerenchyma fibres to their function.

A
  • cellulose microfibrils form net like arrangement in the cell walls o fthe fibres
  • ## Secondary thickening further strengthens the fibres by adding lignin
27
Q

What are the differences between phloem, xylem and sclerenchyma fibres?

A

xylem = made up of dead tissue with open ends, transport water and minerals, structual support
Phloem = made of living cells, translocate organic substances form leaves to storage.
Sclerenchyma = mad eup of dead tissue with closed ends. structural support.

28
Q

What is the importance of water to plants?

A
  • required for photosynthesis
  • maintain rigity of cells
  • Transport of substances
  • Thermoregulation
29
Q

Define speciation

A

Where a population is split and isolated, there are different selective pressures on the two groups. If the genetic makeup changes to the extent thatthe two groups can no longer interbreed, they are two new/separate species.

30
Q

Define biodiversity

A

The variety of living organisms. It can be measured by the genetic diversity within a species or the number of species within a habitat.

31
Q

Define endemism

A

When a species is found in only one georaphical location and is not found anywhere else.

32
Q

How can we compare the biodiversity of different habitats?

A

Index of diveristy formula

33
Q

Why does natural selection occur?

A

1) Competition
2) Disease
3) Predation

34
Q

What is the consequence of reproductive isolation?

A

Speciation

35
Q

Explain how using plant based products can improve sustainability.

A

sustainability = using resources in a way that also maintains them for future generations
-Plant fibres- used in fabrics are biodegradable and cheap.
- Starch, used in biofuel is extracted from crops which can be regrown.

36
Q

Define conservation.

A

The protection and managemnet of species and habitats, in order to maintain biodiversity

37
Q

What are some methods used in conservation of endangered species?

A

Ex-situ:
- Captive breeding followed by reintroduction
- Seed banks

In- situ:
- Scientific research
- Education

38
Q

What is an adavantage and disadvantage of ex-situ?

A

+ require little space, eliminates predators and poachers

  • expensive, disease spreads quickly.
39
Q

What are the advanatges and disadvantges of in- situ?

A

+ protects more than one species, cheap,

  • Hard to enforce legislation
40
Q

Name three inorganic ions and explain why they are important to plants?

A

Magnesium ions: production of chlorophyll and activation of enzymes
Calcium: forms calcium pectate for cell wall, used in growth.
Nitrate: supply nitrogen for production of DNA, proteins and chloropyll.

41
Q

Explain why water is important for plants?

A
  • Thermoregulation
  • Photosynthesis
  • maintains rigidity of cellls
  • transport of subtsances

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