Topic 4: Biodiversity and Natural Resources

Question 1

4.1 Know that over time the variety of life has become extensive but is now being threatened by human activity.

Answer 1

Climate change blah blah blah

Question 2

4.2 Define Biodiversity

Answer 2

The measure of variety of living organisms in a particular area

Question 3

4.2 Define Endemism

Answer 3

If a species is endemic it is found naturally only in that specific region

Question 4

4.2 Heterozygosity Index formula

Answer 4

Number of heterozygotes / Total individuals

Question 5

4.3 Define a niche

Answer 5

An organisms specific role or function within an ecosystem. It exploits the resources available to it in a specific way.

Question 6

4.3 Types of adaptations

Answer 6

Behavioral, physiological, anatomical/structural

Question 7

4.3 What is a behavioral adaptation + example

Answer 7

An action done on purpose to help with survival.
Example: Fish swim in schools or animals hibernate during winter.

Question 8

4.3 What is physiological adaptation + example

Answer 8

An involuntary action or change in the body.
Example: Shivering when its cold or ears sensitive to different frequencies

Question 9

4.3 What is anatomical/structural adaptation + example

Answer 9

A physical feature that helps an organism survive.
Example: A ducks webbed feet or a cactus long roots

Question 10

4.5 What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation and what is it used for.

Answer 10

It is used to see if there is a change in allele frequency occurring over time.
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p+q=1

p = B
q = b

Question 11

4.5 What is assumed when using Hardy-Weinberg equation

Answer 11

Must assume it is in Hardy-Weinberg equlibrium - allele frequencies are preserved as there are no agents of evolutionary change.
Very Rare

Question 12

4.6 Define a species

Answer 12

Groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Question 13

4.6 What are the three domains for classification

Answer 13

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukaryota

Question 14

4.7 Name 8 parts of the plant cell ultrastructure specific to plant cells

Answer 14

Cell walls, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, vacuole, tonoplast, plasmodesmata, pits, and middle lamela

Question 15

4.7 What is the function of the amyloplasts

Answer 15

Producing, breaking down and storing starch

Question 16

4.7 What is the tonoplast

Answer 16

The membrane of the vacuole

Question 17

4.7 What is the plasmodermata and where are they likely to form

Answer 17

The holes that form for passageways to be there between two plant cells enabling for transport and communication. Likely to form in the pits of the cell wall.

Question 18

4.7 What is the middle lamela

Answer 18

The ‘concrete’ that sticks together adjacent cells. Pectin rich

Question 19

4.9 Characteristics of Starch

Answer 19

• Storage pollysaccaride of plants
• Constructed from amylose and amylopectin
• 1,4 and 1,6 bonds between alpha glucose molecules
• Branched or helix means easier for hydrolysis back to glucose
• Insoluble so it has no osmotic effect

Question 20

4.9 Characteristics of Cellulose

Answer 20

• Main structural component of cell walls
• Made up of beta glucose with 1,4 glycosidic bonding
• Exists in long chains which form hydrogen bonds between them, giving strength
• Insoluble

Question 21

4.10 What are cellulose microfibrils

Answer 21

Many chains held together due to hydrogen bonding form microfibrils which provide the strength of a cell wall. Held together in angled layers by pectin and hemicellulose.

Question 22

4.11 What is a sclerenchyma fibre

Answer 22

Columns of cells with stiffened cell walls to provide support to the plant stem. Provide protection around the vascular bundle. Have lignified and thickened cell walls.

Question 23

4.11 What is a xylem vessel

Answer 23

Responsible for transport of water and mineral ions. These are long and thin tubes of dead cells. Has lignified and thickened cell walls for more strength. Inner part of vascular bundle, close to the piff.

Question 24

4.11 What is a phloem sieve tube cell

Answer 24

Responsible for translocation of organic solutes through the plant. Has a companion cell. Contained in the outermost part of the vascular bundle.

Question 25

Nitrate Ions On Plants

Answer 25

amino acid creation
Deficiency causes growth defect and yellow leaves

Question 26

Magnesium in plants

Answer 26

Used to make chlorophyll
Yellow Leaves

Question 27

Calcium in plants

Answer 27

Used to regulate growth

Question 28

What do we grow the plants in for CPAC

Answer 28

Sach’s solution

Question 29

How to stain a plant to see vascular bundle

Answer 29

Cut very thin slice of celery (cross section) using safety blade. use conc phloroglyrerol as a stain.

Question 30

Define Species Richness

Answer 30

Number of species present in a specific area

Question 31

Define species evenness

Answer 31

Distribution of population of each species

Question 32

Define genetic diversity

Answer 32

The number of alleles present in a population

Question 33

3 sources of genetic variation

Answer 33

Meiosis (crossing over and independent assortment)- random mutation

Question 34

What causes speciation and what are two kinds of it

Answer 34

Reproductive isolation:

Geographical isolation - different selection pressures - allele frequencies in each population change - inability to breed to produce fertile offspring - allopatric speciation

Behavioral isolation - division of population; formation of tribes etc. - allele frequencies in each population change