topic 4: changing cities

Question 1

what is urbanisation?

Answer 1

the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas

Question 2

what are the causes of urbanisation?

Answer 2

• rural-urban migration (movement of people from countryside 2 cities)
  because of economic change
• natural increase
  birth rate higher than death rate
  young people move 2 cities, have children, increasing proportion of population

Question 3

causes of urbanisation in developed countries?

Answer 3

• highest rates happened during industrial revolution (ppl moved to cities 4 work)
• proportion of ppl increased slowly, (counter urbanisation)

Question 4

causes of urbanisation in developing countries?

push/pull factors

Answer 4

• push factors: rural areas = poor, limited access 2 resources (electricity, water)
  increased mechanisation in farms, reduces no. of jobs available
• pull factors: manufacturing moved 2 emerging countries
  labour costs = lower, less strict environmental, labour and planning laws
  more service jobs and manufacturing

Question 5

what problems does urbanisation cause in developed countries?

Answer 5

• demand 4 housing: house prices rise, workers w low incomes cannot afford 2 live near they work and ppl cannot afford to buy homes = poverty
• overcrowding: high population, shortage of housing, lack of jobs
• transport: good transport systems but increased no. of commuters put stress of transport networks, cause delays on buses/trains
• services: access of healthcare/schools difficult
  waiting times 4 healthcare = long and ambulances delayed by traffic
  long waiting lists 4 schools, large size class

Question 6

what social problems does urbanisation cause developing countries?

Answer 6

• social: overcrowding: not enough houses 4 everyone, ppl end up in squattler settlements (badly built, overcrowded, bad conditions)
• infrastructure not built quickly: ppl don’t have access 2 basic services (e.g clean water, electricity, good sewers) leads to poor health
• high levels of crime

Question 7

what economic problems does urbanisation cause developing countries?

Answer 7

economic: high levels of unemployment (lack of jobs)
- ppl work long hrs in dangerous conditions 4 little pay bc lots of ppl work in the informal sector (jobs aren’t taxed or regulated by government)
unable 2 develop skills needed 4 better jobs (may not access to education)

Question 8

what environmental problems does urbanisation cause developing countries?

Answer 8

environmental: waste disposal services, sewage systems, environmental regulations cannot keep pace w the growth:
- damages environmental: rubbish often isn’t collected and can end up in big rubbish heaps (can damage especially if its toxic)
- congestion causes increased greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, contributes 2 climate change (road system cannot cope w all the vehicles)
- sewage + toxic chemicals can get into rivers, destroying ecosystems and harming wildlife

Question 9

what is the degree of urbanisation?

Answer 9

the amount of built up areas that has developed in an area

Question 10

what factors affect the degree of urbanisation in the UK?

Answer 10

upland regions: sparsely populated, difficult to farm, few natural resources
e.g northern Scotland
lowland areas: most urban areas developed bc easy to build on and have milder climate than upland areas e.g Birmingham
costal areas: attracted human settlements esp. where there are river estuaries and sheltered bays suitable 4 building harbours: key ports e.g Liverpool and Cardiff have grown into major cities
mineral wealth: many UK cites developed on major coalfields e.g Newcastle, Leeds , led to rapid popuLation growth bc industries developed there

Question 11

what is the rate of urbanisation?

Answer 11

the speed at which settlements are built

Question 12

how does the rate of urbanisation vary across the UK?

slow and fast growth

Answer 12

slow growth: urban areas in North and West growing slowly, declining population e.g Blackpool
high job loses: decline of manufacturing industry impacted negatively
averages wages = lower, fewer employment opportunities
therefore ppl move away

fast growth: South and East of the UK growing rapidly e.g Cambridge, Milton Keynes
half of international migrants move to London/SE, increasing rate of urbanisation
growth of service and high tech industries; wealth increases, ppl have more money to spend on services, creating more jobs, attracting workers

Question 13

what is the national context of the ldn?

Answer 13

• SE of UK, in England
• one of the major cities like Leeds and Manchester
• located on a flat flood plain of the River Thames

Question 14

what is the regional context of London?

Answer 14

• NW of Europe
• S of Iceland
• N of France
• SW of Norway and North Sea

Question 15

what is the global context of London?

Answer 15

in N of Europe

• W of Asia
• N of Africa
• E of North America

Question 16

what is the definition of site?

Answer 16

the land that settlement is built on

Question 17

what is an advantage of London’s site?

Answer 17

• built on a flat floodplain

- easy to build homes and businesses on, next to thames, good water supply

Question 18

what is the definition of situation?

Answer 18

where a settlement is compared to physical and human features around it

Question 19

what is an advantage of London’s situation?

Answer 19

close to the north sea: beneficial for ports, trade from continental Europe, and tourism

Question 20

what is the definition of connectivity?

Answer 20

the way that a city is connected or lined to other settlements in the UK to other continents in the world

Question 21

explain the connectivity of London

Answer 21

• few major airports e.g Heathrow airport and Gatwick airport: allows ppl to easily travel to any country in the world, advantage as ppl can travel 4 business and 4 leisure
• excellent transport: major motorways all over London, London = centre of major rail and underground network e.g piccadilly line of underground links to Heathrow airport.

Question 22

city structure: what is the main function and features of CBD?

Answer 22

function: commercial
features: mix of new high-rise office block and historical building
land = expensive, building density = high
accessible transport links, congested
entertainment: pubs, cinemas, shopping centres

Question 23

city structure: what is the main function and features of the inner city?
give an example.

Answer 23

e.g Chelsea, Newham
function: low class/ high class residential
features: high density, mainly terraced houses, built in straight rows
mainly ethnic minorities, students, lower income groups
A: transport links, near to work in CBD
D: high unemployment, overcrowding, poor quality housing,
atmosphere pollution, high crime rates

Question 24

city structure: what is the main function and features of the suburbs?
give an example.

Answer 24

e.g Kingston upon Thames
function: middle class residential
features: semi-detached/detached housing
cleaner air, large areas of good quality of green space
low density, high quality housing
better quality of life

Question 25

city structure: what is the main function and features of the urban-rural fringe? give an example.

Answer 25

function: high class residential features: cheap land, large detached/semi-detached houses, surrounded by countryside attractive environment, little pollution e.g CrockenHill, Sevenoaks function: industrial, commercial features: industry includes oil refineries, manufacturing, container port e. g thurrock

Question 26

urban change: what is suburbanisation? | how did it change London?

Answer 26

suburbanisation: the movement of ppl from the middle of the city to the edge - occurred a lot in the 1930s to 60s - urbanisation caused centre to be overcrowded, suburban areas offered more green spaces + more family friendly w shops restaurants schools, so ppl moved - improvements in transport networks meant that ppl could live in suburbs and commute to city 4 work

Question 27

urban change: what is counter-urbanisation? | how did it change London?

Answer 27

counter-urbanisation: movement of ppl away from large urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas - rural areas attracting ppl that want a better quality of life - increased car ownership + improved transport means ppl can live further from the city and commute to work - improved communication services makes it easy 4 people to work from home + companies no longer need to be in a city centre and can move to rural areas where land is cheaper

Question 28

urban change: what is re-urbanisation? | how did it change London?

Answer 28

re-urbanisation: movement of ppl back into urban areas - London docklands regenerated in 1990s 4 finance and business, attracted ppl back to the area - encourages other businesses 2 invest and canary wharf is home to many global banks e.g Barclays and media organisations - small businesses thriving, ppl have more money to spend in local shops

Question 29

what is migration?

Answer 29

migration: the movement of ppl from one place 2 another to live or work and due 2 push and pull factors

Question 30

a) what is national migration and what is a cause? | b) what is international migration and what is a cause?

Answer 30

national: movement of ppl 2 another place within a country cause: to study or to work and London may be overcrowded international: movement of ppl from one country 2 another with the intention of staying there for at least a year, cause: move 2 get higher-paying jobs and more job opportunities

Question 31

what is emigration and what is immigration?

Answer 31

emigration: movement of ppl out a country immigration: movement of ppl into a country

Question 32

what is the impact of migration on housing?

Answer 32

housing: high rate of immigration leads 2 overcrowding poorer immigrations live in older terraces and 1960s-70s council tower blocks in inner city, more affordable some areas = gentrified, wealthier ppl moved in and regenerated their houses

Question 33

what is the impact of migration on services?

Answer 33

services: immigration rate = high, increasing demand 4 services e.g education and health care more children who need education and ppl that need to be treated often amongst poorest parts of city: difficult 2 provide ppl w what they need

Question 34

what is the impact of migration on age structure?

Answer 34

age structure: most immigrants = working age, now high percentage of ppl aged 23-24 in inner city and a lower population of ppl over 65 national immigrants to London = aged 20-34 international immigrants = aged 16-34

Question 35

what are the characteristics of London's population structure?

Answer 35

population of London = 8.6 mil in 2015 population decreased after 1939 bc of bombing in city during world war 2 young ppl in 20s-30s move to London 4 work/school, attracted by more job opportunities, entertainment net migration: balance between migrants coming and leaving reduces average age of population (immigrants = young, emigrants =old)

Question 36

what is de-industrialisation?

Answer 36

the decline of industrial activities in a region or in an economy

Question 37

what are the 4 main factors that caused de-industrialisation?

Answer 37

globalisation de-centralisation technological advances developments in transport

Question 38

what is globalisation and how did it cause de-industrialisation?

Answer 38

globalisation: when companies, lifetsyles and ideas have spread across the world - e.g M&S now make clothes in India - due to labour costs being lower, improvements in tech and transport links 4 goods

Question 39

what is de-centralisation and how did it cause de-industrialisation?

Answer 39

de-centralisation: movement of ppl, factories and shops away from central point of authorities 2 suburban, edge of city locations or even another country due to cheap labour n cheap land = able 2 make a profit and there r relaxed environmental laws better transport links

Question 40

how did technological advances cause de-industrialisation?

Answer 40

new machinery made manufacturing processes more efficient so fewer ppl were needed 2 work bc there is a growing demand 4 high tech products and new tech is often made in factories outside of city centre, meant that most businesses no longer needed to be in CBD

Question 41

how did developments in transport cause de-industrialisation?

Answer 41

made it easier 4 companies 2 locate part of their businesses e.g manufacturing in other countries and keep the headquarters in London.

Question 42

what are the negative social impacts of de-industrialisation?

Answer 42

- decrease in local services e.g shops schools healthcare facilities as there weren't enough ppl or money 2 support them

Question 43

what are the negative economic impacts of de-industrialisation?

Answer 43

mass unemployment due to decline of docks and manufacturing industries in London's east end 20% of jobs were lost between 1966-1976 in dockland areas, leading to poverty and lower living standards many families moved away from the area

Question 44

what are the negative environmental impacts of de-industrialisation?

Answer 44

- many building left empty due to ppl moving away and derelict buildings were targets 4 grafitti n vandalisation many areas in docklands became rundown, many brownfield sites

Question 45

what are the positive social impacts of de-industrialisation?

Answer 45

- new high tech industries located in business parks e.g Northern London business park - new industrial areas e.g crossways business parks, have been developed on the outskirts of London, providing jobs there

Question 46

what are the positive economic impacts of de-industrialisation?

Answer 46

many TNCs (transnational corporations e.g HSBC) locate their sales n marketing departments n headquarters in London bc of its importance as a financial centre

Question 47

what is some evidence of de-industrialisation?

Answer 47

``` broken windows derelict overgrown plants no industrial activity no people ```