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Chemistry Paper 1 > Topic 4 Chemical Changes > Flashcards

Topic 4 Chemical Changes Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What happens when metals react with water or acid?

A

Lose electrons and form positive ions

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2
Q

Which 2 non-metals are included in the reactivity series?

A

Hydrogen and carbon

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3
Q

What is the order of metals in the reactivity series?

A

Potassium
Sodium
Lithium
Calcium
Magnesium
Carbon
Zinc
Iron
Hydrogen
Copper

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4
Q

What is the order of the top 5 metals in the reactivity series?

A

Potassium
Sodium
Lithium
Calcium
Magnesium

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5
Q

What is the order of the bottom 5 metals (and nonmetals) in the reactivity series?

A

Carbon
Zinc
Iron
Hydrogen
Copper

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6
Q

How else can the pH be measured other than using universal indicator?

A

pH probe

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7
Q

What do acids produce in aqueous solutions?

A

Hydrogen ions

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8
Q

What are bases?

A

insoluble metal hydroxides and metal oxides

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9
Q

What are alkalis?

A

Soluble metal hydroxides

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10
Q

What do aqueous solutions of alkalis contain?

A

Hydroxide ions

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11
Q

What is the difference between an alkali and a base?

A

Alkalis are bases that dissolve in water to form alkaline solutions

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12
Q

What is the word equation for a neutralisation reaction?

A

Acid + base > salt + water

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13
Q

In neutralisation reactions between an acid and alkali what do hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions react to form?

A

Water

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14
Q

What are titrations used for?

A

find reacting volumes of acid and alkali solutions

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15
Q

What is pH a measure of?

A

Concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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16
Q

What happens to a strong acid in aqueous solution?

A

Ionised completely (all acid particles dissociate to release H+ ions)

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17
Q

What are 3 examples of strong acids?

A

Sulfuric
Hydrochloric
Nitric

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18
Q

What are 3 examples of weak acids?

A

Ethanoic
Citric
Carbonic

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19
Q

What happens to a weak acid in aqueous solution?

A

Partially ionised (small proportion of acid particles dissociate to release H+ ions)

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20
Q

What is the concentration of an acid a measure of?

A

How much acid there is in a certain volume of water

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21
Q

What is an acids strength a measure of?

A

What proportion of acid molecules ionise in water

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22
Q

What type of reaction is a metal reacting with oxygen to produce metal oxides?

A

Oxidation

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23
Q

How are most metals in the earth found?

A

As compounds

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24
Q

How are unreactive metals such as gold found in the earth?

A

As the metal itself

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25
What is an **ore**?
**rock** that **contains enough of metal** or **metal compound** to make **extracting metal worthwhile**
26
How can **metals less reactive than carbon** be **extracted** from **their oxides**?
By **reduction with carbon**
27
How can **metals higher than carbon** in the **reactivity series be extracted**?
Using **electrolysis**
28
In the **reaction** where a **metal is extracted by reduction using carbon** what is **reduced**?
**ore** as **oxygen** is **removed**
29
In the **reaction** where a **metal is extracted by reduction with carbon** what is **oxidised**?
**Carbon** as it **gains oxygen**
30
What **type of reaction** are **displacement reactions**?
**REDOX**
31
In **displacement reactions** what is **always reduced**?
**Metal ion** (gains electrons)
32
In **displacement reactions** what is **always oxidised**?
**Metal atom** (loses electrons)
33
What does an **ionic equation only show**?
**Particles that react** and **products they form**
34
What does an **ionic equation** for a **displacement reaction only show**?
**Substances** which are **oxidised** and **reduced**
35
What do **some metals react** with **acid** to **produce**?
**salt** and **hydrogen**
36
What is the **word equation** for a **reaction** between an **acid** and a **metal**?
**Acid + metal > salt + hydrogen**
37
What is the **word equation** for a **reaction** between a **metal** and **water**?
**Metal + water > metal hydroxide + hydrogen**
38
What is the **word equation** for a **reaction** between an **acid** and a **metal carbonate**?
**Acid + metal carbonate > salt + water + carbon dioxide**
39
How can **soluble salts be made**?
By **reacting acid** with **insoluble base**
40
What are the **3 steps** to **make soluble salts**?
**Add solid** to **acid** until **no more reacts** **Filter out excess solid** **Crystallise solution** to produce **solid salts**
41
For every **decrease of 1** on the **pH scale**, how does this **affect** the **concentration of H+ ions**?
**Increases** by **factor** of **10**
42
What is the **electrolyte**?
**Molten/dissolved ionic compound**
43
What is the **electrode**?
**Solid that conducts electricity** and is **submerged in electrolyte**
44
What does **passing an electric current through electrolytes cause**?
**Ions** to **move** to **electrodes**
45
Which is the **negative electrode**?
**Cathode**
46
Where do the **positive ions** in the **electrolyte move towards**?
**Cathode**
47
What **happens at the cathode**?
**Positive ions gain electrons**- **reduced**
48
Which is the **positive electrode**?
**Anode**
49
Where do the **negatively charged ions in the electrolyte move towards**?
**Anode**
50
What **happens at the anode**?
**Negative ions lose electrons- oxidised**
51
What **happens at the electrodes**?
**Ions are discharged producing elements**
52
Why can **molten ionic compounds** be **electrolysed**?
**Ions move freely** and **conduct electricity**
53
Why is **extracting metals via electrolysis very expensive**?
**Lots of energy** to **melt compounds** and **produce electrical current**
54
Why does the **anode** need to be **replaced regularly**?
**Made of carbon**- **reacts with oxygen** to produce **CO2**
55
What **molten mixture** is **aluminium extracted from via electrolysis**?
**Aluminium oxide** and **cryolite**
56
Why is **aluminium oxide mixed with cryolite** (in the **extraction of aluminium via electrolysis**)?
**Aluminium oxide** has **high melting point** -to **lower melting point**
57
What is **used as the anode** in the **extraction of aluminium via electrolysis**?
**Carbon**
58
What is the **chemical formula** for **aluminium oxide**?
**Al3O2**
59
What happens to the **aluminium ions in electrolysis** (in the **extraction of aluminium**)?
**Pick up 3 electrons** at **cathode** Turn into **neutral aluminium atoms** **Sink to bottom** of **electrolysis tank**
60
What happens to the **oxygen ions in electrolysis** (in the **extraction of aluminium**)?
**Lose 2 electrons** at **anode** **Neutral oxygen atoms combine** to form **02 molecules**
61
What is **also present in aqueous solutions** as well as **ions from the ionic compound**?
**Hydrogen ions** and **hydroxide ions** from **water**
62
When will **hydrogen gas be produced** at the **cathode**?
**Metal** is **more reactive** than **hydrogen**
63
When will **hydroxide ions be discharged** and **oxygen produced** at the **anode**?
If **no halide ions** present
64
What are **3 halogens** that could be **produced** at the **anode**?
**Chlorine** **Bromine** **Iodine**
65
What are **inert electrodes**?
**Don’t react with electrolyte**
66
What do **half equations show**?
**Reactions at electrodes**

Chemistry Paper 1 (6 decks)

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