Topic 4 - EQ1 - Regeneration Flashcards
What are the economic sectors
Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary and recently quinary (management/consulting)
What are the 4 types of employment?
- Temporary employment (zero hour contract under a fixed term of employment which is often seasonal)
- Full time employment (permanent job with contracted daily hours with monetary security benefits like paid sick days and holiday)
- Part time employment (permanent job on a shift or job share basis, some offer sick pay)
- Self employment (working for yourself controlling own terms and days at work, income can vary day to day and little security)
What is the model that shows the relationship between industrial development and employment sector? What is the relationship?
The Clark Fisher Model
1 - Pre-industrial - Primary activities dominant with minor secondary activity and very small tertiary activity
2 - Industrial - Industrial Revolution causes rapid rise of secondary activities (above primary activities now) with mass production via manufacturing and tertiary activities gradually rise as secondary activities peak
3 - Post-industrial - De-industrialisation leads to a continuing decrease in primary activities, the decrease of secondary activities and the rapid rise of tertiary, quaternary and quinary activities
What is the link between employment and social factors?
Employment often reflects deprivation, or deprivation reflects employment. Deprived people often eat worse food, have more physically demanding jobs, are less likely to be able to take time off work to recover from illnesses, etc…
Areas like Kingston with more employment have better health, life expectancy and qualified people in relatively to Hackney.
How do Kingston and Hackney compare on employment and subsequently social factors?
2011…
EMPLOYMENT
Kingston 1.6% unemployment - Hackney 4.7% unemployment
DEGREE
Kingston 50% - Hackney 15%
INCOME
Kingston 35k - Hackney 30k
HEALTH
1% Very Bad - 7% Very Bad
LIFE EXPECT
Kingston 84 - Hackney 81
How does employment affect sense of place?
Employment status can impact a persons identity and their relationship with the place they are from - somebody who works in manual labour or prim/sec industry may identify less with North Kingston as it is a ‘professional’ commuter area - perhaps they would identify more with their local area if they lived towards Epsom or Chessington. Unemployment can also cause alienation from local area.
What does a spearman’s rank show?
The difference between ranks in areas by two factors (e.g. life expectancy vs income)
Places often fall into 4 functions, what are these?
- Administrative = places that make decisions about organisation, economy and infrastructure for surrounding areas (bigger cities, e.g. Manchester administration centre for the NW)
- Commercial = location with strong business influence (home to TNCs and HQs for business)
- Retail = a town or city with attractive retail facilities where retail is main source of income/employment (markets, shopping centres)
- Industrial = economy and reputation predominantly based on its industrial capacity (e.g. Birmingham and Black Country)
How has Kingston’s function changed over time?
-Began as an agricultural, fishing, pottery… and market town in the 12thC - also had strong administrative function since the Saxon times as place of coronation and a royal borough
-Development of aircraft manufacturing in the 20thC
-19thC and 20thC urban development with railway - it gained an admin function as new seat of Surrey county council
-Late 20thC aircraft manufacturing left, Surrey county council relocated AND strong shift to retail and commuter function with Bentalls Centre est.1992 attracting shoppers from across the area
What are some current regeneration projects in Kingston?
Cocks Crescent development - pocket park and pedestrian link to improve connections between retail areas in New Malden
Cambridge Road Estate regeneration - rebuild housing to modernise homes and make them more energy efficient and make estate feel safer. To improve residential function.
How has pay inequality been reflected in quality of life in rural Britain?
Rural regions of the UK which have seen an industry decline or are just periphery areas have much lower pay levels than in prosperous regions like SW London. This is reflected in these regions’ health and IMD score.
How does a poorer economic background = poorer opportunities in life?
People from poorer economic backgrounds often have much poorer education, poorer parents often cannot afford any extra tuition, revision materials or university places.
How does a poorer background affect health?
Health is negatively affected by being from a lower economic background. People with less money are more likely to eat processed foods as they are often cheaper. People from a poorer background are also more likely to take up smoking or have poorer diets.
How have some functions of places changed over time?
Some functions have been superseded in today’s post-industrial economy and therefore, towns compete to become top retail destinations for outside shoppers and potential new residents, retail has been changing.
Other regions have used their geographical placement to become commercial centres of trade.
What flows have caused demographic characteristic changes?
- Gentrification (more wealthy people moving in, increased house prices, more expensive businesses and original residents pushed out)
- Younger workers attracted to new and lots of jobs and older people attracted to bingo halls and countryside (age structure changes)
- Ethnic clustering in major cities (especially around industry, e.g. Indians in Leicester)
What are some reasons for change?
- Government planning
- Industrial decline
- Transport connections and jobs
- Physical factors
How does government planning caused positive change in the face of decline of an areas industrial function?
Government planning has been very important in the London Docklands. There was industrial decline as massive container ships couldn’t fit down Thames (containerisation of maritime trade) and air travel became a new player to the extent that 60% of E London men unemployed in 1981.
The government of the 1980s incentivised TNCs to set up offices in Canary Wharf by giving these corporations tax breaks on new buildings. The government pushed for private sector led regeneration in this case. Infrastructure came with the development of this new second CBD in London with the development of the DLR, London City Airport…
Complete land use transformation with high rises home to companies like HSBC and Barclays, 100,000 commuter daily, young people moving in for high paying jobs and riverside properties BUT Newham in E London still has most people on lowest income bracket in London.
How does industrial decline cause change in a place?
Industrial decline and government incentives to big business or property builders can lead to great changes in places
How do transport connections to jobs lead to changes in a place?
If a place has great transport connections to lots of jobs then this place may see an influx of people and may grow in size changing its function from say a market to commuter town
How do other (not aforementioned) factors lead to changes in a place?
Physical factors (eroding coastline), accessibility and connectedness (London’s Thames Gateway turns Essex villages to commuter towns), historical development (places change differently to protect history), Local and National planning (East-West Rail plan between Oxford and Cambridge can mean Bedford and Buckinghamshire can expect rising house prices and growth), globalisation (industry moved abroad or industry closed), migration
What are the two ways to measure demographic trends?
-Qualitative data (more subjective but insightful)
-Quantitative data (numbers and more objective)
What are some examples of quantitative ways of measuring demographic trends?
- Census
- IMD
- Land use maps (mosques, synagogues, retirement homes…)
What are some examples of qualitative ways of measuring demographic trends?
- Diary accounts
- Internet opinions, local blogs, local Facebook groups
- Old photographs, TV shows, documentaries, YT videos…
What are Hackney’s regional and national links?
-4 overground tube stations = commuter access to Central London
-Liverpool Street National Rail station is nearby reachable on the DLR
-Important recreational facilities such as the lido, Hackney Empire, pubs, restaurants, Victoria Park… for wide range of people
-Labour run council and Labour MPs dominate
-Now seen as fashionable and so gentrification with young middle class moving into Hackney from across there country has changed its character as an industrial hub and home to docklands workers to home to the young middle classes
-Liverpool Street nearby has links to locations across England via rail
