TOPIC 4- EXTRACTING METALS AND EQUILIBRIA

Question 1

Micrometers in standard form

Answer 1

10^-6

Question 2

Nanometers in standard form

Answer 2

10^-9

Question 3

How big are nano particles

Answer 3

Range from 1-100nm and only contain a few hundred atoms

Question 4

Why are nano particles used as catalysts?

Answer 4

Because they have large surface area in comparison to their volume

Question 5

Example of a nanoparticle

Answer 5

Zinc oxide is used as sunscreen as it absorbs UV radiation while remaining transparent.

Question 6

Advantages of nanoparticles

Answer 6

High surface area to volume ratio, catalytic

Question 7

Disadvantages of nanoparticles

Answer 7

Long term effects are unknown, can enter our living cells, bad for environment

Question 8

Metals reaction with acids tell you what about them

Answer 8

Their level of reactivity

Question 9

Metal + acid&raquo_space; ?

Answer 9

Salt + hydrogen

Question 10

How does the reactivity affect the speed of the reaction

Answer 10

The more reactive the metal, the quicker the rate of reaction

Question 11

How do you confirm hydrogen is released?

Answer 11

Squeaky pop test

Question 12

Mg + 2HCl» ?

Answer 12

MgCl2 + H2

Question 13

How do you speed up the rate of reaction ?

Answer 13

Heat or catalyst

Question 14

Which metals react with water

Answer 14

K, Na, Li, Ca

Question 15

Metal + water&raquo_space; ?

Answer 15

Metal hydroxide + hydrogenk

Question 16

Metal + steam»?

Answer 16

Metal oxide + hydrogen

Question 17

Reactivity series in order from top

Answer 17

K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al, C, Zn, Fe, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag, Au

Question 18

What’s a redox reaction?

Answer 18

A reaction in which oxidation and reduction ocurr

Question 19

How does the reactivity of a metal affect the temp in displacement

Answer 19

More reactive = more heat released

Question 20

Define displacement

Answer 20

When a more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its compound

Question 21

Oxidation involving oxygen

Answer 21

When a substance gains oxygen

Question 22

Reduction involving oxygen

Answer 22

When a substance loses oxygen

Question 23

Oxidation with electrons

Answer 23

Loss of electrons

Question 24

Reduction involving electrons

Answer 24

Gain of electrons

Question 25

Half equation of each from: Mg + CuSO4> MgSO4 + Cu

Answer 25

Mg > Mg^2+ + 2e- | Cu^2+2e-> Cu

Question 26

Oxidising agent

Answer 26

Accepts electrons and gets reduced

Question 27

Reducing agent

Answer 27

Donates electrons and gets oxidised

Question 28

Metal ore

Answer 28

A rock containing enough metal out of its compounds to make it economically viable to extract.

Question 29

Ores vs the actual metal

Answer 29

They hav different properties

Question 30

Mercury ore

Answer 30

Cinnabar

Question 31

Aluminium ore

Answer 31

Bauxite

Question 32

How does a metals reactivity affect its ease of extraction

Answer 32

The more reactive = the harder to extract

Question 33

How do you extract metals below carbon in the reactivity series

Answer 33

Reduction with carbon

Question 34

How do you extract metals above carbon in the reactivity series?

Answer 34

Electrolysis

Question 35

Metal oxide + carbon >?

Answer 35

metal + carbon dioxide

Question 36

Biological ways to extract low grade ores?

Answer 36

Bio leaching and phytomining

Question 37

What’s phytomining?

Answer 37

Planting crops in copper rich soil so that they absorb it through their roots. Plants are burnt to produce copper ash

Question 38

Advantages of phytomining

Answer 38

Carbon neutral

Question 39

Disadvantages of phytomining

Answer 39

Produces impure copper

Question 40

What’s bio leaching?

Answer 40

Bacteria that can absorb metal compounds to produce leachates that contain copper compounds.

Question 41

Disadvantages of bioleaching

Answer 41

V slow

Question 42

Why would (expensive) cryolite be mixed in with the compound before electrolysis.

Answer 42

To lower its mp

Question 43

Electrolysis

Answer 43

Breaking down of a substance using electricity

Question 44

Electrolyte

Answer 44

Molten or dissolved ionic compound

Question 45

Anode charge

Answer 45

Positive

Question 46

Cathode charge

Answer 46

Negative

Question 47

Flow of electrons

Answer 47

Anode to cathode

Question 48

What’s attracted to cathodes and what charge

Answer 48

Cations (positive)

Question 49

What’s attracted to anodes and what charge

Answer 49

Anions (negative)

Question 50

What happens when the cations reach the cathode?

Answer 50

They are reduced (gain electrons) and discharged.

Question 51

When anions move to the anode, what do they do?

Answer 51

They are oxidised (lose electrons) and so are discharged

Question 52

Ionic compound

Answer 52

Compound with a positive and negative ion formed in a lattice shape

Question 53

What electrons are used in electrolysis of molten ionic compounds?

Answer 53

Inert (unreactive) like lead for example

Question 54

What ions are included in electrolysis of aqueous solutions

Answer 54

H+, OH- and ionic compound

Question 55

What happens at the cathode in electrolysis of aqueous solutions?

Answer 55

If the metal is more reactive than hydrogen, hydrogen is produced. If the metal is less reactive than hydrogen, the metal is produced.

Question 56

What happens at the anode in electrolysis of aqueous solutions?

Answer 56

If a halide is present, the halide is produced. If there’s no halide present, oxygen and water is produced.

Question 57

What’s corrosion

Answer 57

The rusting of a metal. (The reaction of metal and oxygen)

Question 58

What do you need to corrode a metal?

Answer 58

Oxygen and water

Question 59

Metal + water + oxygen >?

Answer 59

Hydrated metal oxide

Question 60

How do you prevent corrosion

Answer 60

Coat it in a barrier (tarnish) or put a more reactive metal with it (metal coating)

Question 61

In purification if copper what’s the cathode made out of?

Answer 61

Pure copper

Question 62

In purification of copper, what’s the anode made out of?

Answer 62

Impure copper

Question 63

In purification of copper, what’s the electrolyte ?

Answer 63

Copper sulfate

Question 64

What’s the voltage directly proportionate to in purification of copper?

Answer 64

The mass of the cathode due to quicker donation and loss of electrons.

Question 65

What does the cathode do in purification of copper ?

Answer 65

It grows heavier due to reduction of copper ions leading to discharged atoms deposited on the cathode.

Question 66

What does the anode do during copper purification?

Answer 66

It grows lighter due to oxidisation of the impure copper molecules causing more copper to dissolve into the solution. The impurities are left as a slush at the bottom.

Question 67

Why do people keep pushing recycling of metals?

Answer 67

Because metal extraction is time consuming, expensive and harmful to the environment. Also forms of disposal are also very harmful to the environment.

Question 68

Advantages of recycling metals

Answer 68

Lower energy consumption/cost, saving of resources, less waste/pollutants and creation of jobs

Question 69

Disadvantages of recycling metals

Answer 69

Alloys are hard to recycle, transport cost/emissions, sorting, impurity of end product, and money cost to sort and collect

Question 70

What does the lifecycle assessment cover?

Answer 70

Extraction > manufacturing > use > disposal

Question 71

Landfill disadvantages

Answer 71

Takes up space, pollutes surroundings, doesn’t preserve materials

Question 72

Dynamic equilibrium

Answer 72

When the forwards and backwards reactions occur at the same rate, meaning concentrations of reactants and products won’t change

Question 73

What type of system do dynamic equilibriums take place in?

Answer 73

Closed

Question 74

Closed systems

Answer 74

A system in which no reactants/ products can escape.

Question 75

Equilibrium lying to the right

Answer 75

Concentration of products is greater than that of reactants.

Question 76

Equilibrium lying to the left

Answer 76

Concentration of reactants is greater than that of products

Question 77

Le Chatelier’s principle

Answer 77

If there’s a change in concentration, temperature or pressure in a reversible reaction, the equilibrium will move to counteract that change.

Question 78

What happens when you decrease the temperature of a reaction in equilibrium?

Answer 78

The equilibrium will shift to the exothermic direction to produce more heat.

Question 79

What happens when you increase the temp of a reaction in equilibrium?

Answer 79

The equation Librium shifts to the endothermic direction to take in heat and therefore decrease temp.

Question 80

What happens when you increase the pressure of a reaction in equilibrium?

Answer 80

The equilibrium will shift to side w fewer moles to reduce pressure

Question 81

What happens when you decrease the pressure of a reaction in equilibrium?

Answer 81

The equilibrium will shift to the side with more moles of gas to increase pressure.

Question 82

What happens when you increase concentration of reactants?

Answer 82

The equilibrium will shift to the right to produce more products.

Question 83

What happens when you increase concentration of products?

Answer 83

The equilibrium will shift to the left to produce more reactants.