Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Money and Capital Markets > Topic 4: Interest Rate Determination > Flashcards

Topic 4: Interest Rate Determination Flashcards

1
Q

RBA

A

Is a central bank of Australia

Responsible for the implementation of the monetary policy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Objectives of the RBA monetary policy

A

Manage inflation – maintain inflation between 2-3 per cent.
Assure stability of currency
Maintenance of full employment in Australia
Economic prosperity and welfare of the people in Australia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In most developed economies monetary policy actions are directed

A

at influencing interest rates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Monetary policy decisions are expressed in terms of

A

a target for the cash rate, which is the overnight money market interest rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

If this short-term cash rate changes

A

there is an expectation that, in an efficient market, medium-to-long term interest rates will change over time to establish a new equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

By understanding what motivates a central bank in its implementation of interest rates policy:

A

financial market participants can anticipate changes in a government’s interest rate policy
lenders and borrowers can make better-informed decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A central bank may increase interest rates if there is:

A
  • inflation above target range
  • excessive growth in GDP
  • a large deficit in the balance of payments
  • rapid growth in credit and debt levels
  • Unsustainable and ongoing price increases in major economic sectors, such as property or the mining
  • excessive ‘downward’ pressure on FX markets.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Business Cycle

A

The change in economic activity over time through cycles of expansion and contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

GDP

A

The aggregate value of goods and service produced within a domestic economy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Balance of Payments

A

A record of a country’s transactions with the rest of the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

An increase in interest rates (i.e. tightening of monetary policy) will

A

eventually increase long-term rates
slow consumer spending
- reducing inflation and demand for imports
decrease the size of the current account deficit
possibly attract foreign investment
- causing the domestic currency to appreciate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Method used by central bank to implement monetary policy

A

Open market operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Three main open market operations

A

Buying and selling of government securities
Repurchase Agreements
Foreign currency swaps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Liquidity effect on interest rates

A

The effect on the money supply and system liquidity of a central banks open market operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Income effect on Interest Rates

A

If the interest rates rise, economic activity will begin to slow and incomes will fall, thus allowing rates to begin to ease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inflaction effect on interest rates

A

As an economy slows, the upward pressure on prices will ease, thus allowing interest rate to fall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Economic indicators

A

provide market participants with insight into possible future economic growth and the likelihood of central bank intervention.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Three categories on Economic Indicators are

A

Leading Indicators
Coincident Indicators
Lagging Indicators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Leading Indicators

A

economic variables that change before a change in the business cycle.
e.g., Bonds Yield, if bonds yield curve is positively sloped then economy is expected to be doing well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Coincident indicators

A

economic variables that change at the same time as the business cycle changes.
e.g., Personal income; Personal income is a coincidental indicator for the economy: high personal income rates will coincide with a strong economy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lagging indicators

A

economic variables that change after the business cycle has changed.
e.g., Unemployment rate; If the unemployment rate is rising, it indicates that the economy has beendoing poorly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Asset

A

is a piece of property that is a store of value.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What determines the quantity demanded of an asset

A

Wealth
Expected Return
Risk
Liquidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Wealth

A

the total resources owned by the individual, including all assets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Expected Return
the return expected over the next period on one asset relative to alternative assets (e.g., bond return vs. stock return).
26
Risk
the degree of uncertainty associated with the return on one asset relative to alternative assets (e.g., risk with holding bonds vs. risk with holding stocks).
27
Liquidity
the ease and spee d with which an asset can be turned into cash relative to alternative assets (e.g., risk with holding bonds vs. risk with holding stocks).
28
Liquidity Preference Framework
An equilibrium interest rate is determined by supply and demand for money
29
Define Money
Money is M1 (monetary based): includes cash, travellers’ cheques, and checkable bank’s deposit
30
Three motives for holding money
Transactions motive Precautionary motive Speculative motive
31
Transactions motive
day-to-day use
32
Precautionary motive
unforeseen transaction, e.g., medical bill or car accident bill
33
Speculative motive
left over money for investment on bonds, which earns interest amount
34
Liquidity Preference Framework Assumptions
1 - only two financial markets: Money market (short-term) and bonds market (long-term) 2 - only two choices to store their wealth: Money (Cash or cheques or bank deposits) and Bonds 3 - The amount of money or bonds held cannot be equal zero 4 - Return on Money = 0 or negligible 5 - Return on Bonds > 0 and = interest rate (𝑖) 6 - Bonds are not risky 7 - Central bank controls the amount of money supplied in the economy
35
Liquidity Preference Framework Due to assumptions 1 and 2 1. There are only two financial markets: Money market (short-term) and bonds market (long-term). 2. People in the economy have only two choices to store their wealth: Money (Cash or cheques or bank deposits) and Bonds.
- Total (Financial) wealth in the economy = Money + Bonds. - In supply-demand language, we can write this as follows: 𝑩𝒔 + 𝑴𝒔=𝑩𝒅 + 𝑴𝒅 −−−−−−−(𝟏) We can also write EQ (1) as: 𝑩𝒔−𝑩𝒅= 𝑴𝒅 –𝑴𝒔−−−−−−−−−(𝟐) - If the Money market is in equilibrium (𝑴𝒅=𝑴𝒔), then bond market is also in equilibrium, converse is also true. Note: Right hand side of EQ (2) forms a basis for liquidity preference theory and Left hand side of EQ (2) forms a basis for loanable fund theory.
36
Liquidity Preference Framework Due to assumptions 4-6 Assumptions: 4 Return on Money = 0 or negligible 5 Return on Bonds > 0 and = interest rate (𝒊) 6 Bonds are not risky
increase in the 𝑖 will increase the 𝐵d, and consequently will reduce the 𝑀𝑑 - 𝑀𝑑 is inversely related with 𝑖 - If you hold money you will lose interest amount that is otherwise available with holding bonds, this is simply called as Opportunity Cost of holding money
37
𝑶𝒑𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑪𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒐𝒍𝒅𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒎𝒐𝒏𝒆𝒚
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕 that is available with holding bonds
38
Liquidity Preference Framework Due to assumptions 7 Assumption 7 Central bank controls the amount of money supplied in the economy.
The 𝑀𝑆 curve will be a vertical line. | 𝑀𝑆 curve is insensitive to changes in 𝑖.
39
Two factors responsible for shifting the 𝑀𝑑 curve in Keynes liquidity preference framework are:
1. Income effect Increase in income leads to an increase in demand for money. 2. Price-level effect Increasing prices lead to a fall in purchasing power which causes increase in money demand.
40
Factors responsible for shifting the 𝑀𝑠 curve
Central Bank buys Government securities which causes the money supply to increase Central Bank sells Government securities which causes the money supply to fall
41
Effects of Money on Interest Rate
Liquidity Effect - expansionary monetary policy means lower interest rate. Income Effect - expansionary monetary policy means that higher wages and thereby higher income level. Price and Expected Inflation Effects - expansionary monetary policy means that higher wages and thereby higher income level.
42
Effect of higher rate of money growth on interest rates is ambiguous
Would depend whether liquidity effect dominates the income and price level effects or the last two effects dominate the liquidity effect.
43
Real interest rate
Nominal interest rate – Expected Inflation
44
Factors that shift the Bond Demand Curve
1. Wealth 2. Expected Return and Expected Inflation 3. Risk 4. Liquidity
45
Factors that shift the Bond Demand Curve (Wealth)
Economy grows or savings grows , wealth grows , 𝐵𝑑 grows.
46
Factors that shift the Bond Demand Curve (Expected Return and Expected Inflation)
- 𝑖 decrease in future, 𝑅𝑒 for long-term bonds increase - 𝜋^𝑒 decreases, Relative 𝑅𝑒 increases - Expected return on bonds relative to other assets increases, 𝐵𝑑 increases
47
Factors that shift the Bond Demand Curve (risk)
- Risk of bonds decrease, 𝐵𝑑 increases | - Risk of other assets increases, 𝐵𝑑 increases
48
Factors that shift the Bond Demand Curve (Liquidity)
Liquidity of Bonds increases, 𝐵𝑑 increases | Liquidity of other assets decreases, 𝐵𝑑 increases
49
Loanable Funds
The amount of funds available for lending within the financial system
50
Perspective of Loan Markets
Provides model of interest rate determination
51
Supply of Bonds =
Demand for Loanable Funds
52
Demand for Bonds =
Supply of Loanable Funds
53
Loan market approach to interest rate determination (The Loanable Funds Approach)
Proposes that the rate of interest is determined by the supply and demand for loanable funds (LF). LF are the funds available in the financial system for lending
54
Loanable Funds Theory - As IR Rises
Demand falls and supply increase
55
Demand for loanable funds has two components
Business demand for funds (B) - Short-term working capital - Longer-term capital investment Government demand for funds (G) - Finance budget deficits and intra-year liquidity
56
Supply of loanable funds comprised of three principal sources
Savings of household sector (𝑆) [note: Mishkin also adds Government savings]. Changes in money supply (∆ 𝑀) Dishoarding (𝐷)
57
Hoarding
is the proportion of total savings in economy held as currency.
58
Dishoarding occurs
as interest rates rise as more securities are purchased for the higher yield available.
59
theory of portfolio choice
tells us how much of an asset people will want to hold in their portfolios
60
theory of portfolio choice, states that, holding all other factors constant:
quantity demanded of an asset is positively related to 1. wealth. 2. its expected return relative to alternative assets. 3. its liquidity relative to alternative assets. The quantity demanded of an asset is negatively related to 1. the risk of its returns relative to alternative assets.
61
Fisher effect,
When expected inflation rises, interest rates will rise.
62
In Keynes's liquidity preference analysis, two factors cause the demand curve for money to shift:
income and the price level.
63
Income Effect
higher level of income causes the demand for money at each interest rate to increase and the demand curve to shift to the right
64
Price-Level Effect
a rise in the price level causes the demand for money | at each interest rate to increase and the demand curve to shift to the right.
65
an increase in the money supply engineered by the Federal Reserve will shift
the supply curve for money to the right.
66
when income is rising during a business cycle expansion (holding other economic variables constant)
interest rates will rise.
67
when the price level increases, with the supply of money and other economic variables held constant,
interest rates will rise
68
When the money supply increases (everything else remaining equal),
interest rates will decline

Money and Capital Markets (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions