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Chemistry Edexcel A-Level > Topic 4 Introductory organic chemistry and alkanes > Flashcards

Topic 4 Introductory organic chemistry and alkanes Flashcards

1
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

a COMPOUND that only contains hydrogen and carbon

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2
Q

How are hydrocarbons classified

A

saturated and unsaturated

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3
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon

A

A compound containing only single bonds. it contains as much hydrogen as possible

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4
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

A compounds containing one or more double bonds

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5
Q

What is a displayed formula

A

formula showing every atom and every bond

ex: H-C=C-H
I I
H H

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6
Q

What is a structural formula

A

shows unambiguously how every atom is joined together

ex: CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

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7
Q

What is a skeletal formula

A

Formula showing the bonds between the carbon atoms. Only atoms other than carbon and hydrogen need to be shown

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8
Q

What is a molecular formula

A

shows the actual number of each atom in a molecule

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9
Q

what is an empirical formula

A

formula showing the number of each atom in the simplest whole-number ratio

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10
Q

What is a functional group

A

A group of atoms in a molecule that is responsible for its chemical reactions and properties

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11
Q

What is a homologous series

A

family of compounds with the same functional group which differ in formula by CH2 from the next member
They have the same functional group, differ by a CH2 unit, have similar chemical properties, same general formula, and show a trend in their physical properties

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12
Q

What is Alkanes functional Group

A

They are not considered to have one

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13
Q

What is the general formula of Alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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14
Q

What is the general formula of Alkenes

A

CnH2n

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15
Q

What is the general formula of Halogenoalkane

A

CnH2n+1X

Note: X=halogen

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16
Q

What is the general formula of Alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

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17
Q

What are the products of alkanes burning

A

water and carbon dioxide

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18
Q

What is the relationship between the boiling point and the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms?

A

The more atoms the higher to boiling point

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19
Q

What are structural isomers

A

compounds with the same molecular formula but a different structural formula

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20
Q

What are the two types of structural isomers

A

chain isomers (based on arrangement of carbon chain) and position isomers (based on position of functional group)

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21
Q

what is an addition reaction

A

when two reactant species combine together to form two product species

22
Q

What is a substitution reaction

A

When two reactant species combine to form two product species

23
Q

What is an oxidation reaction

A

when an organic compound is oxidized by an inorganic reagent. The organic compound either gains oxygen or looses hydrogen

24
Q

How is the oxidizing agent displayed?

A

{O}

note: use your useless imagination and pretend these are square brackets

25
Q

What is a reduction reaction

A

when an organic compound is reduced by hydrogen and a catalyst or an inorganic reagent. This means the organic compound either gains hydrogen or looses oxygen

26
Q

What is a polymerization reaction

A

when a very large amount of reactant molecules react together to form one very large product molecule

27
Q

What are the ways in which a covalent bond can break

A

Heterolytic fission
homolytic fission

28
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

the breaking of a covalent bond where each of the bonding electrons leaves with one species, forming a free radical

29
Q

What is heterolytic fission

A

the breaking of a con=valent bond so that both bonding electrons are taken by one atom

forms a positive and negative ion

30
Q

Definition of free radical????

A

a species that contains an unpaired electron

31
Q

Definition of electrophile

A

a species that is attracted to a region of high electron density

occurs to the positive ion produced by heterolytic fission and this region id given the symbol S-

32
Q

Definition of electrophile

A

a species that is attracted to a region of high electron density

occurs to the positive ion produced by heterolytic fission and this region id given the symbol S-

33
Q

What is a hazard

A

something that could cause harm to to a user due to the inherit properties of the substances

34
Q

What is a risk

A

the chance of a hazard causing harm

35
Q

What is the meaning of a health hazard symbol

A

warning on skin rashes, eye damage and indigestion

36
Q

what is the meaning of the corrosive symbol

A

causes skin burns and permanent eye damage

37
Q

what is the meaning of the flammable symbol

A

can catch fire if heated or comes into contact with a flame

38
Q

what is the meaning of the acute toxicity symbol

A

can cause life-threatening effects, even in small quantities

39
Q

What apparatus can be used rather than a mercury thermometer

A

spirit thermometer or digital thermometer

40
Q

What apparatus can be used rather than a tripod, gauze, and Bunsen burner

A

electrical heating mantle or (more likely) warm water bath

41
Q

What can be used rather than connecting glass tubing with corks and rubber bungs

A

connecting by ground glass joints as it does not involve the risk of assembling the apparatus

42
Q

What are the main processes needed to convert crude oil into fuel

A

fractional distillation
cracking
reforming

43
Q

How does fractional distillation take place

A

crude oil is heated in a furnace which turns most of it into a vapor, which is then passed into a column near the bottom. There is a temperature gradient in column; it is hotter near the bottom and cooler near the top. Different fractions condense at different heights in the column, depending on the boiling temperature range of the molecules in the fraction.

44
Q

What is the difference between the molecules at the top of the column and the bottom

A

larger molecules, longer chains and higher b.p

45
Q

What is the process of cracking

A

long chained alkanes are passed through a heated catalyst, which is usually zeolite (aluminium+silicon+oxygen) this causes large molecules to break up into smaller ones

46
Q

What is reforming

A

the conversion of straight-chained hydrocarbons into branched chain and cyclic hydrocarbons along with hydrogen as a useful by-product

47
Q

What pollutants are emitted during the combustion of alkane fuels

A

carbon monoxide, oxides or sulfur, nitrogen, carbon particulates, and unburned hydrocarbons

48
Q

Dangers of carbon monoxide

A

toxic gas that acts by prevents the transport of oxygen around the body. It is colorless and odorless

49
Q

Dangers of oxides of sulfur and oxides of nitrogen

A

contribute to the formation of acid rain which causes a lot of environmental damage to crops and forests as well as aquatic life in lakes and rivers

50
Q

What can be used to reduce the amounts of pollutants

A

catalytic converters

51
Q

How do catalytic converters work?????

A

uses a three way catalyst of platinum, rhodium and palladium which are spread thinly over a honeycomb mean to increases the surface area for reaction
the catalytic converter will oxidize carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide and Nitrogen monoxide will also react together.

Chemistry Edexcel A-Level (3 decks)

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