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geography paper 2 > topic 4-physical landscape > Flashcards

topic 4-physical landscape Flashcards

the UK landscape coastal changes and conflict formation of coastal features

1
Q

tee-exe-line

A

separates the north and the south of the UK from the lowland in the south and highland in the north

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2
Q

upland areas are located in the

A

north-west of the UK eg Scotland

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3
Q

lowland areas are located in the

A

south-east of the UK

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4
Q

rock type in the lowland area

A

sedimentary rocks eg chalk erode easily

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5
Q

rock type in the upland area

A

ingenious rocks eg granite

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6
Q

land in the lowland is

A

low-lying flat formed by deposition of material eroded by glaciers
gentle relief

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7
Q

land in the upland areas is

A

steep relief
rocky
high above sea level

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8
Q

what is lowland mainly used for

A

arable farming
agriculture
this is because the soil is fertile and gentle relief

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9
Q

what are upland mainly used for

A

sheep farming
forestry - coniferous trees
difficult to grow crops

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10
Q

formation of sedimentary rocks

A

sedimentary rocks are formed when layers of sediments have been deposited in layers -strata. these layers of sediments are compressed together until they create sedimentary rocks eg chalk and limestom=ne

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11
Q

examples and formations of sedimentary rocks

A

Carboniferous limestone

    • formed from shells and skeletons of dead marine organisms
  • quite hard

clays and shale
formed like limestone but softer
clay is very soft made from mud and clay minerals
widely found in the lowland areas of England - north-west

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12
Q

formation of igneous rocks

A

due to volcanic activities .igenous rocks are formed when molten rocks from the mantel cool down and harden this occurs at conservative plate boundaries

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13
Q

example of igneous rocks

A

granite very hard and resistant

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14
Q

where are sedimentary rocks found

A

in the low land areas of England

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15
Q

where are igneous rocks found

A

found mainly in the upland areas scattered across Scotland, in the lake district and northern Ireland, northern wales

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16
Q

metamorphic rock

A

when other rocks eg sedimentary and igneous rocks are changed by heat and pressure ( the intense heat and pressure caused by plate collision forms hard metamorphic rocks)

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17
Q

where are metamorphic rocks found

A

found in large bands across Scotland and Northern Ireland and wales

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18
Q

example of metamorphic rocks

A

marble - very hard
shale becomes slate
slate becomes schist

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19
Q

what are the main ways The main ways that tectonic activity has shaped the UK landscape are:

A

plate movement
plate collisions
volcanic activities

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20
Q

how did active volcanoes shape the UK active volcanoes

A

the UK used to be much closer to a plate boundary. active volcanoes at this boundary erupted magma in the UK which cooled to form igneous rocks such as granite

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21
Q

how did plate collision form the shape of the UK

A

caused the rocks to be uplifted and folded forming mountain ranges. the intense heat and pressure caused by the plate collision formed hard metamorphic rocks

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22
Q

how did plate movement shape the Uk landscape

A

millions of years ago the UK was nearer to the tropics at this point, high sea levels were higher and so carboniferous limestone ended up forming in the warm shallow sea

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23
Q

Characteristics of Different Rock Types- carboniferous limestone

A

limestone is heavily affected by carbonation weathering which happened along the joints of the rock

permeable therefore forms dry valleys and resurgent rivers

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24
Q

Characteristics of Different Rock Types- chalk and clay

A

forms in escarpments in the UK lowlands
clays are softer than chalks
clays form wide valleys because it is easily eroded

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25
Q

Characteristics of Different Rock Types-slate and schist

A

slate is hard and resistant because it forms in layers

schist are bigger crystals

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26
Q

Characteristics of Different Rock Types-granite

A

very hard and resistant forms in upland areas

granite is impermeable which forms moorlands

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27
Q

Physical Landscape Processes

A 
Erosion processes
weathering
post-glacial processes 
slope processes
physical process affected by weather
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28
Q

Erosion processes

A

Erosion is the wearing away of rocks as a result of being picked up and moved elsewhere.

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29
Q

weathering processes

A

Mechanical, chemical and biological weathering describe the breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces

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30
Q

slope processes

A

slope processes include mass movement and soil creep.

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31
Q

Post-glacial river processes

A

melting ice at the end of glacial periods made rivers much ,more bigger

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32
Q

Human Landscape Processes

A

settlements
agriculture
forestry

33
Q

settlements

A

many factors have influenced where settlements have been built for example areas with good water supply or easy defences and good shelter

34
Q

agriculture

A

land has been cleared to make space for agriculture

Hedgerows and walls have been installed to mark out field boundaries.

35
Q

foresty

A

Large areas of deciduous woodland have been replaced by coniferous forests, which are managed for their timber.

36
Q

mechanical weathering is also known as freeze-thaw weathering

A

freeze-thaw weathering water gets into the cracks of rocks. water freezes and expands by 10 per cent putting pressure on the rock and when the temperature warms up the frozen water melts causing the rocks to break up

37
Q

chemical weathering

A

rain water is acidic so when rain falls on rocks like limestone a chemical reaction takes place which causes the rocks to weaken and dissolve

38
Q

biological weathering

A

is the breakdown of rock by living things

eg plant roots break down rocks by growing into cracks and pushing them apart

39
Q

mass movement

A 
is when material falls down These movements are caused by weathering, erosion, and gravity. Small changes over time can mean that a cliff's centre of gravity hangs over the sea, instead of over land. 
slope 
rockfalls 
slumps 
slide
40
Q

mass movement - rockfalls

A

when material break and crumble down the cliff

41
Q

mass movement - slides

A

when material move down a slope in a straight line

42
Q

mass movement - slumps

A

when material shift with rotation

43
Q

waves wear away the cost using 4 processes of erosion

A

abrasion
attrition
hydraulic action
solution

44
Q

processes of erosion - hydraulic action

A

is where the force of the water hits against rocks and compresses the air in the cracks this puts pressure and causes the rock to break off

45
Q

processes of erosion - abrasion

A

when waves pick up small pieces of material eg sand/pebbles which get scrapped and rub against the surface of the rock which wears the rock away

46
Q

processes of erosion - attrition

A

eroded pieces of rock material are moved by the wave and smash into each other. This causes them to break apart and become smaller and more rounded.

47
Q

processes of erosion - solution

A

seawater dissolves some of the rocks minerals causing a disintegration of rocks eg limestone

48
Q

types of Wave

A

constructive and destructive

49
Q

what are constructive waves

features of constructive waves

A

constructive waves build up the beach by depositing material

strong swash and weak backwash

they are low and further apart

form gentle beach slope

have limited energy

occurs during the summer time

50
Q

what are destructive waves and the features of them

A

destructive waves destroy the beach by carrying the sand away from the beach

strong backwash which removes sediments and a weak swash

a steep beach profile

more energy

occurs during the wintertime

due to strong backwash waves are higher and have a steeper gradient

51
Q

longshore drift

A

is the process which transport material along the coastline

52
Q

the process of longshore drift

A

wind approaches the coast at an angle due to prevailing winds
the waves are controlled by these winds, so this angle would be the direction the swash carries material up the beach
gravity is the only force that acts on the backwash so the backwash carries the material down the beach a right angle back toward the sea
overtime the material zigzags along the coast

53
Q

deposited sediments can form

A

bars and spits

54
Q

formation of a bar

A

a bar is formed when a spit joins 2 headlands together. lagoons are often created behind the bar

55
Q

formation of a splits

A

a spit forms at sharp bend in the coastline
longshore drifts transports sand and shingle past the bend and deposits it in the sea
strong wind and waves recurve the end of the spit
overtime sheltered area become marshland

56
Q

What are the Effects of Human Activity Have on Coasts?

A

industry
costal management
develpoment
agriculture

57
Q

agriculture

A

agricultural land is less valuable and cheaper. it is often left unprotected so farmland could be lost as costal erosion destroys the land

58
Q

Direct effects are immediate consequences of human’s behaviour. examples are

A

coastal management has a direct impact on the coast.
coastal defences aim to reduce erosion and weathering. hard engineering management strategies protect the coastline from seas erosion and destructive waves and coastal defences reduce erosion.

59
Q

industry

A

industrial growth has led to an increased pressure to build on salt marshes .these areas provide low-flat land which is ideal to build ports and industry but can lead the land more vulnerable to erosion

60
Q

direct and indirect on industry

A

direct - more costal defences because coastal areas are popular areas to live/work so people want to protect their homes and business

indirect- this can effect the deposition and transportation of material so could make the land more vulnerable to erosion

61
Q

direct effect

A

building coastal defences to prevent erosion

62
Q

indirect effect

A

make the land more valuable to erosion

63
Q

what climate change in increasing the risk of coastal flooding

A

storm frequency - storm surges could be more frequent

rising sea levels -pose a threat to low-lying and coastal areas

64
Q

one way coastal flooding poses a threat to people

A

low-lying areas could permanently be flooded which could make it impossible to inhabit and infrastructure and tourism can be destroyed by floods.

65
Q

one way coastal flooding poses a threat to the environment

A

seawater has high salt content and due to increased coastal flooding can damage the ecosystem and can affect the agricultural land by reducing soil fertility

66
Q

hard engineering

A

man-made projects built
involves major constructions
tends to be more expensive

67
Q

soft engineering

A

works with natural processes
cheaper and need little maintenance
provides habitat for wildlife

68
Q

example of hard engineering coastal defences

A

sea wall

groynes

69
Q

example of soft engineering coastal defences

A

beach replenishment

70
Q

Over time, cliffs are eroded by destructive waves, resulting in the formation of wave-cut platforms. This process is described below:

A
  • destructive waves cause the most erosion at the base of the cliffs
  • eventually, this erosion causes a wave-cut notch to form
  • continued erosion of wave-cut notch causes the rock above to become less stable and eventually collapse
  • the collapsed material is washed away and a new wave-cut notch is formed
  • repeated collapsing results in the cliff retreating
71
Q

headlands and bay are formed on which coastline

A

discordant coastline

72
Q

the formation of headland and bays

A

headlands and bay are formed on the discordant coastline.
- soft rocks with lots of cracks and joints have a low resistance to erosion
whereas hard rocks have a high resistance to erosion
- when the sea hits both the soft and hard rocks the more soft rocks erode easily
-the soft rocks erode inwards forming bays
the hard rocks that erode more slowly is called a headland

73
Q

s headlands are eroded, these landforms can be created:

A

caves
stack
arches

74
Q

concordant coastline

A

on a concordant coastline the alternating bands of hard and soft rocks are parallel to the coast

75
Q

formation of a cave

A

waves crash into the headlands and enlarge the cracks and joints. When the cracks get wider due to hydraulic action and abrasion they become large enough to form a cave

76
Q

formation of an arch

A

repeated erosion and enlargement on the cave would eventually deepened the cave until it breaks through the headland forming an arch

77
Q

formation of stack

A

when the top of an arch collapse due to graving leaving an isolated rock known as a stack

78
Q

What type of waves is responsible for most of the erosion that takes place at the base of cliffs?

A

Destructive waves

geography paper 2 (5 decks)

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